151. Who is the author of The Vine of Desire, a sequel to Sister of My Heart?
a) Anita Desai
b) Chitra Banerjee Divakaruni
c) Arundhati Roy
d) Jhumpa Lahiri
Answer: b) Chitra Banerjee Divakaruni
Explanation: The Vine of Desire by Chitra Banerjee Divakaruni is the sequel to Sister of My Heart, continuing the story of cousins Anju and Sudha as they navigate love, loss, and identity across India and America. Divakaruni’s lyrical prose deepens their emotional journey, exploring sisterhood and cultural transitions.
152. What was Aru Dutt’s contribution to English poetry?
a) She wrote original poems in English
b) She co-translated French poetry with Toru
c) She published satirical verse
d) She wrote only in Bengali
Answer: b) She co-translated French poetry with Toru
Explanation: Aru Dutt, the elder sister of renowned Indian poet Toru Dutt, is primarily known for her collaborative work with Toru in translating French poetry into English, most notably in their collection “A Sheaf Gleaned in French Fields”.
153. Which novel by Salman Rushdie is a controversial work exploring religious themes?
a) The Satanic Verses
b) Midnight’s Children
c) Shalimar the Clown
d) The Moor’s Last Sigh
Answer: a) The Satanic Verses
Explanation: The Satanic Verses by Salman Rushdie is a controversial novel exploring religious themes, blending magical realism with the story of two Indian immigrants and provocative reinterpretations of Islamic history, sparking global outrage and a fatwa against Rushdie. Its daring narrative questions faith and identity. Midnight’s Children focuses on India’s independence, Shalimar the Clown on Kashmir’s conflict, and The Moor’s Last Sigh on family and art. Only The Satanic Verses ignited such religious debate, making it the correct choice for its bold, divisive exploration.
154. Who wrote The Painter of Signs, a novel about love and tradition in Malgudi?
a) Raja Rao
b) Ruskin Bond
c) R.K. Narayan
d) Mulk Raj Anand
Answer: c) R.K. Narayan
Explanation: The Painter of Signs by R.K. Narayan is set in Malgudi and follows Raman, a sign painter, whose orderly life and traditional values clash with his love for Daisy, a modern woman advocating family planning. Narayan’s gentle humor and insight explore this tension.
155. Which poet is known for the collection John Nobody?
a) Gieve Patel
b) Dom Moraes
c) Keki N. Daruwalla
d) Nissim Ezekiel
Answer: b) Dom Moraes
Explanation: John Nobody by Dom Moraes is a poetry collection from his early career, showcasing his lyrical, introspective style as an Indian poet of Goan descent. Published in 1965, it reflects his mastery of form and existential musings, earning critical acclaim.
156. Which poem by Toru Dutt reflects her engagement with Indian mythology?
a) “Savitri”
b) “Sonnet—Baugmaree”
c) “Our Casuarina Tree”
d) All of the above
Answer: a) “Savitri”
Explanation: Toru Dutt’s poem “Savitri,” published in her posthumous collection Ancient Ballads and Legends of Hindustan (1882), reflects her deep engagement with Indian mythology. This narrative poem retells the story of Savitri and Satyavan from the Mahabharata, where Savitri, through her devotion and wit, saves her husband from Yama, the god of death. Dutt’s adaptation showcases her ability to weave Indian mythological themes into English verse, blending her Western education with her cultural heritage. Her lyrical style and focus on heroic feminine virtue highlight her connection to Indian storytelling traditions.
157. Who wrote The Bombay Duck, a novel blending humor and social commentary?
a) Rohinton Mistry
b) Bapsi Sidhwa
c) Firdaus Kanga
d) Thrity Umrigar
Answer: c) Firdaus Kanga
Explanation: The Bombay Duck is a novel by Firdaus Kanga, a Parsi writer known for his wit and sharp observations. Published in 1992, it blends humor with social commentary, reflecting on Bombay’s Parsi community and broader Indian society.
158. Which poem by Sarojini Naidu reflects spiritual longing?
a) The Soul’s Prayer
b) Indian Weavers
c) In the Bazaars of Hyderabad
d) The Palanquin Bearers
Answer: a) The Soul’s Prayer
Explanation: Sarojini Naidu’s poem “The Soul’s Prayer,” from her collection The Broken Wing (1917), reflects a deep spiritual longing. In this poem, the speaker addresses a divine presence, seeking understanding of life’s mysteries—both its joys and sorrows—and yearning for a profound connection with the eternal. Lines like “Lord, let me know the utmost of Thy will” and “Teach me to probe the depths of grief and pain” reveal an intense desire for spiritual insight and transcendence, blending personal devotion with universal questions. Naidu’s lyrical style, influenced by her Romantic and mystical sensibilities, makes this a standout expression of spiritual questing.
Here’s why the other options don’t align as directly with spiritual longing:
b) Indian Weavers: From The Golden Threshold (1905), this poem uses the metaphor of weavers crafting cloth at different times of day to symbolize life’s stages—birth, marriage, death. It’s symbolic but not explicitly about spiritual yearning.
c) In the Bazaars of Hyderabad: Also from The Golden Threshold, this vibrant poem celebrates Indian marketplaces, focusing on sensory richness and cultural life, not spiritual themes.
d) The Palanquin Bearers: Another early work, it’s a rhythmic depiction of bearers carrying a palanquin, evoking grace and movement, but it lacks the spiritual depth of “The Soul’s Prayer.”
159. Who is the author of Sita: Warrior of Mithila, the second book in the Ram Chandra Series?
a) Ashwin Sanghi
b) Amish Tripathi
c) Devdutt Pattanaik
d) Anand Neelakantan
Answer: b) Amish Tripathi
Explanation: Sita: Warrior of Mithila (2017) is the second installment in Amish Tripathi’s Ram Chandra Series, a mythological reimagining where Sita is portrayed as a fierce warrior. Tripathi, famous for his Shiva Trilogy, blends ancient tales with modern sensibilities.
160. Which poet’s collection House of a Thousand Doors explores identity and migration?
a) Eunice de Souza
b) Meena Alexander
c) Toru Dutt
d) Kamala Das
Answer: b) Meena Alexander
Explanation: House of a Thousand Doors (1988) is a poetry collection by Meena Alexander, an Indian-American poet whose work grapples with identity, displacement, and migration. Born in India and later settling in the U.S., Alexander’s verses reflect her transnational experiences.
161. What was Toru Dutt’s first published work in English?
a) “Bianca, or the Young Spanish Maiden”
b) “Journal de Mademoiselle d’Arvers”
c) “A Sheaf Gleaned in French Fields”
d) “Ancient Ballads and Legends of Hindustan”
Answer: c) “A Sheaf Gleaned in French Fields”
Explanation: Toru Dutt, a pioneering Indian poet in English, published “A Sheaf Gleaned in French Fields” in 1876, marking her debut in English literature. This work is a collection of translations of French poetry into English, showcasing her remarkable linguistic skills and literary sensibility at a young age. Born in 1856 in Kolkata, Dutt was fluent in English, French, and Bengali, and her exposure to European literature influenced her writing. Unlike her later work, “Ancient Ballads and Legends of Hindustan,” which drew from Indian mythology, this collection reflects her engagement with Western literary traditions. Published posthumously after her death at 21, it established her as a significant voice in colonial-era Indian literature.
162. What was the original language of “Gitanjali Song Offerings”?
a) Hindi
b) Sanskrit
c) English
d) Bengali
Answer: d) Bengali
Explanation: “Gitanjali Song Offerings,” written by Rabindranath Tagore, was originally composed in Bengali, the poet’s native language. First published in 1910 as a collection of 157 poems, it reflects Tagore’s deep connection to Bengali culture and his lyrical mastery in his mother tongue. The title “Gitanjali” translates to “song offerings,” blending music and poetry in a devotional tone. Tagore later translated a selection of these poems into English, published in 1912, which gained international acclaim and led to his Nobel Prize. The Bengali original is noted for its rich imagery and emotional depth, rooted in the linguistic nuances of the language, making it a cornerstone of Bengali literature.
163. In which year did Rabindranath Tagore win the Nobel Prize for Literature?
a) 1910
b) 1912
c) 1913
d) 1915
Answer: c) 1913
Explanation: Rabindranath Tagore was awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1913, becoming the first non-European laureate. The Swedish Academy recognized him for his “profoundly sensitive, fresh, and beautiful verse” in the English translation of “Gitanjali Song Offerings,” published in 1912. This accolade brought global attention to Indian literature and Tagore’s unique blend of spirituality and humanism. The award came at a time when Tagore was already a prominent figure in Bengal, but it elevated his status internationally. The year 1913 marked a significant moment in literary history, celebrating Tagore’s contribution to bridging Eastern and Western literary traditions through his evocative and universal poetry.
164. What is a central theme of “Gitanjali Song Offerings”?
a) Nature’s beauty
b) Romantic love
c) Political resistance
d) Spiritual devotion
Answer: d) Spiritual devotion
Explanation: The central theme of “Gitanjali Song Offerings” is spiritual devotion, reflecting Rabindranath Tagore’s deep exploration of the relationship between the human soul and the divine. Written as a series of lyrical poems, it expresses a personal, intimate connection with God, often depicted as a universal presence rather than a sectarian figure. Tagore blends elements of Bhakti (devotional) traditions with a modern, humanistic outlook, emphasizing surrender, gratitude, and inner peace. Unlike themes of political resistance or romantic love, the work transcends earthly concerns, focusing on spiritual awakening and unity with the divine. This theme resonated globally, contributing to its widespread appeal and Tagore’s Nobel recognition.
165. How did Tagore’s English translation differ from the Bengali original?
a) It simplified and universalized the content
b) It focused on historical events
c) It added satirical elements
d) It was more political
Answer: a) It simplified and universalized the content
Explanation: Rabindranath Tagore’s English translation of “Gitanjali Song Offerings” differed from the Bengali original by simplifying and universalizing its content. The original Bengali text is rich with cultural idioms, intricate rhythms, and emotional nuances specific to the language, deeply tied to Indian spiritual traditions. In translating it himself for the 1912 English edition, Tagore condensed the collection from 157 to 103 poems and adapted the language to appeal to a Western audience. He stripped away some regional complexities, focusing on universal themes like love, devotion, and humanity. This shift made the work more accessible globally, enhancing its philosophical resonance while retaining its lyrical essence, though losing some of the original’s cultural specificity.
166. Which Western poet wrote an introduction to the English “Gitanjali”?
a) Robert Frost
b) Ezra Pound
c) W.B. Yeats
d) T.S. Eliot
Answer: c) W.B. Yeats
Explanation: W.B. Yeats, the renowned Irish poet, wrote the introduction to the English edition of Rabindranath Tagore’s “Gitanjali Song Offerings,” published in 1912. Yeats was deeply moved by Tagore’s lyrical and spiritual depth, describing the poems as a revelation of a new literary voice from the East. As a prominent figure in the Western literary world and a Nobel laureate himself (1923), Yeats played a crucial role in introducing Tagore to English-speaking audiences. His endorsement highlighted the universal appeal of Tagore’s work, praising its simplicity and profound emotion. This introduction significantly contributed to “Gitanjali”’s global recognition and Tagore’s 1913 Nobel Prize.
167. What was the first newspaper in India to feature a “Poet’s Corner”?
a) Calcutta Journal
b) Asiatic Mirror
c) India Gazette
d) Bengal Gazette
Answer: d) Bengal Gazette
Explanation: The Bengal Gazette, also known as Hicky’s Bengal Gazette, holds the distinction of being India’s first newspaper, launched on January 29, 1780, by James Augustus Hicky in Calcutta. It was also the first to feature a “Poet’s Corner,” a section dedicated to publishing poetry, which became a novel addition to Indian print media. This reflected the growing literary culture in colonial India and provided a platform for amateur poets and readers. Published in English, the newspaper catered to the British expatriate community and educated Indians, often including satirical and critical content. The “Poet’s Corner” marked an early step in blending journalism with literary expression in India.
168. Who founded the Writers Workshop in Calcutta?
a) Nissim Ezekiel
b) Dom Moraes
c) P. Lal
d) Arvind Krishna Mehrotra
Answer: c) P. Lal
Explanation: P. Lal (Purushottama Lal), an Indian poet, translator, and professor, founded the Writers Workshop in Calcutta (now Kolkata) in 1958. A visionary in promoting Indian English literature, Lal established this small publishing collective to nurture and publish emerging poets and writers. Operating from his home, the Writers Workshop became a vital platform for modern Indian poetry, emphasizing handmade books and a personal touch in production. Lal’s initiative was driven by his belief in the potential of English as a creative medium for Indian writers. Over the decades, it published works by notable poets like Nissim Ezekiel and A.K. Ramanujan, leaving a lasting legacy in Indian literary history.
169. Which poet’s work was notably published by Writers Workshop?
a) Toru Dutt
b) Nissim Ezekiel
c) Henry Derozio
d) Rabindranath Tagore
Answer: b) Nissim Ezekiel
Explanation: Nissim Ezekiel, a towering figure in Indian English poetry, had his work notably published by the Writers Workshop, founded by P. Lal. Ezekiel, often regarded as the father of modern Indian English poetry, contributed significantly to shaping the post-independence literary landscape. His collections, such as “The Exact Name” (1965), were published by the Workshop, reflecting its commitment to fostering contemporary voices. Ezekiel’s poetry, marked by irony, humor, and a keen observation of urban Indian life, resonated with the Workshop’s mission. His association with the group helped elevate its reputation as a hub for innovative and authentic Indian English literary expression.
170. Which anthology was published by Writers Workshop in 1969?
a) Modern Indian Poetry in English: An Anthology and a Credo
b) The Oxford India Anthology of Twelve Modern Indian Poets
c) Ten Twentieth-Century Indian Poets
d) The Bloodaxe Book of Contemporary Indian Poets
Answer: a) Modern Indian Poetry in English: An Anthology and a Credo
Explanation: The Writers Workshop, under P. Lal’s leadership, published “Modern Indian Poetry in English: An Anthology and a Credo” in 1969. This landmark anthology compiled works by prominent Indian poets writing in English, such as Nissim Ezekiel, A.K. Ramanujan, and Kamala Das, showcasing the diversity and vitality of the genre. Accompanied by Lal’s “Credo,” it articulated a vision for Indian English poetry as a legitimate and evolving art form. The anthology emphasized authenticity and creativity, distancing itself from colonial mimicry. Its publication in 1969 solidified the Writers Workshop’s role as a key institution in documenting and promoting modern Indian literary voices.
171. In which city did Nissim Ezekiel primarily live and work?
a) Delhi
b) Madras
c) Calcutta
d) Bombay
Answer: d) Bombay
Explanation: Nissim Ezekiel, a prominent Indian English poet, primarily lived and worked in Bombay (now Mumbai). Born in 1924 into a Bene Israel Jewish family, Ezekiel spent most of his life in this bustling metropolis, which deeply influenced his poetry. Bombay’s urban landscape, multicultural fabric, and vibrant chaos are recurring motifs in his work, reflecting his keen observation of everyday life. He taught English at Bombay University and was actively involved in the city’s literary scene, mentoring younger poets and contributing to journals like Quest. His attachment to Bombay made it not just a home but a muse, shaping his identity as a distinctly Indian modernist poet.
172. Which literary movement is Ezekiel associated with in the 1950s and 1960s?
a) Symbolism
b) Romanticism
c) Modernism
d) Realism
Answer: c) Modernism
Explanation: Nissim Ezekiel is closely associated with Modernism, a literary movement prominent in the 1950s and 1960s, characterized by experimentation, a break from tradition, and a focus on subjective experience. In post-independence India, Ezekiel embraced modernist principles by rejecting colonial romanticism and crafting poetry that reflected contemporary realities with irony and precision. Works like “Night of the Scorpion” and “The Professor” showcase his use of clear, unadorned language and urban themes, aligning with modernist ideals of authenticity and innovation. His engagement with Modernism helped redefine Indian English poetry, making it relevant to a newly independent nation navigating its identity.
173. How does Ezekiel’s poetry reflect a “minor literature”?
a) By focusing on elite perspectives
b) By engaging with marginal voices in a dominant language
c) By rejecting English entirely
d) By prioritizing prose over poetry
Answer: b) By engaging with marginal voices in a dominant language
Explanation: Ezekiel’s poetry reflects a “minor literature,” a concept from Deleuze and Guattari, by engaging with marginal voices within the dominant language of English. As an Indian Jew writing in a colonial tongue, he subverted its imperial legacy to express local, often overlooked perspectives—urban middle-class life, regional dialects, and personal struggles. Poems like “The Professor” use Indian English humorously, reclaiming it from elite mimicry. This approach positions his work as a subversive act within a major linguistic framework, giving voice to the marginalized while challenging the hegemony of British literary norms, thus embodying the essence of a “minor literature.”
174. Which Bombay poet was a contemporary of Ezekiel?
a) Arun Kolatkar
b) Toru Dutt
c) Henry Derozio
d) Rabindranath Tagore
Answer: a) Arun Kolatkar
Explanation: Arun Kolatkar, a significant bilingual poet writing in English and Marathi, was a contemporary of Nissim Ezekiel in Bombay. Born in 1932, Kolatkar shared the city’s literary space with Ezekiel during the mid-20th century, contributing to its vibrant modernist scene. His acclaimed work Jejuri (1976), a poetic sequence about a temple town, reflects a similar modernist sensibility—ironic, observant, and rooted in Indian experience. Both poets were part of Bombay’s literary circles, including the Writers Workshop influence, and their works complemented each other, with Kolatkar’s bilingualism adding a distinct flavor to the English poetry landscape Ezekiel helped pioneer.
175. What is a notable contribution of Ezekiel to Indian poetry in English?
a) Translating Sanskrit texts
b) Focusing on diaspora themes
c) Pioneering modernist poetry in post-independence India
d) Introducing free verse
Answer: c) Pioneering modernist poetry in post-independence India
Explanation: Nissim Ezekiel’s notable contribution to Indian poetry in English is pioneering modernist poetry in post-independence India. In the 1950s and beyond, he broke away from the romantic and imitative styles of colonial-era poets, introducing a voice that was distinctly Indian yet globally resonant. His focus on urban life, irony, and conversational tones, as seen in poems like “Enterprise” and “Night of the Scorpion,” brought authenticity and relevance to the genre. By mentoring poets and editing literary journals, Ezekiel fostered a modernist movement that shaped Indian English poetry, making it a vital medium for expressing the complexities of a newly independent nation.
176. Which of Moraes’s early works won critical acclaim?
a) A Beginning
b) John Nobody
c) Out of God’s Oven
d) Typed with One Finger
Answer: a) A Beginning
Explanation: Dom Moraes’s debut poetry collection, A Beginning, published in 1957, won critical acclaim and established him as a prodigious talent in Indian English literature. At just 19, Moraes received the Hawthornden Prize for this work, making him the youngest recipient at the time. The collection showcases his precocious mastery of language, blending vivid imagery with emotional depth. Poems in A Beginning reflect his early experiences, including his Bombay upbringing and Western influences from his education in England. Critics praised its lyrical quality and maturity, marking Moraes as a significant voice among post-independence Indian poets, distinct from his later, more reflective works.
177. What distinguishes Moraes’s later work, such as Typed with One Finger?
a) Its focus on traditional forms
b) Its experimental structure
c) Its autobiographical tone
d) Its rejection of English
Answer: c) Its autobiographical tone
Explanation: Dom Moraes’s later work, such as Typed with One Finger (2001), is distinguished by its autobiographical tone. Unlike his early, more imaginative poetry, this collection delves into personal reflection, aging, and his life’s journey as a poet, journalist, and traveler. Written late in his career, it reveals a raw, introspective voice, often tinged with nostalgia and regret. The title itself suggests a physical and emotional labor, possibly alluding to his declining health. This shift from the lyrical experimentation of his youth to a confessional style sets his later work apart, offering readers an intimate glimpse into the man behind the poet.
178. Which of Moraes’s works reflects his travels?
a) John Nobody
b) Poems
c) The Cinnamon Shade
d) Out of God’s Oven
Answer: d) Out of God’s Oven
Explanation: Out of God’s Oven: Travels in a Fractured Land (2002), co-authored by Dom Moraes and Sarayu Srivatsa, reflects his extensive travels across India. Unlike his earlier poetry collections, this prose work blends journalism and memoir, chronicling his encounters with diverse people and places—from urban slums to rural hinterlands. Moraes, a seasoned traveler and reporter, captures India’s social complexities, poverty, and resilience with a poet’s sensitivity. The book, one of his last major works, showcases his ability to weave narrative with observation, reflecting a lifetime of movement and a deep engagement with the subcontinent’s fractured yet vibrant landscape.
179. What is a key theme in Kamala Das’s poetry?
a) Political satire
b) Gender and personal freedom
c) Rural landscapes
d) Colonial nostalgia
Answer: b) Gender and personal freedom
Explanation: Kamala Das’s poetry is renowned for its bold exploration of gender and personal freedom, themes that define her as a feminist icon in Indian literature. Writing under the pen name Madhavikutty in Malayalam and her own name in English, Das challenged patriarchal norms in works like Summer in Calcutta (1965). Her poems openly address female sexuality, marital discontent, and the quest for autonomy, often with a confessional intensity. Rejecting societal taboos, she asserted her identity as a woman seeking liberation in a conservative society. This focus on gender and self-expression distinguishes her as a trailblazer, resonating with readers seeking unfiltered emotional truth.
180. What connects Kamala Das and Eunice de Souza thematically?
a) Their use of bilingual forms
b) Their rejection of English
c) Their exploration of women’s experiences
d) Their focus on urban alienation
Answer: c) Their exploration of women’s experiences
Explanation: Kamala Das and Eunice de Souza are thematically connected by their exploration of women’s experiences in Indian society. Das, with her confessional style, delves into female desire, oppression, and identity, as seen in poems like “An Introduction.” Similarly, de Souza, a Bombay-based poet, examines women’s lives with sharp wit and irony in works like Fix (1979), addressing gender roles, Catholic upbringing, and personal agency. Both poets confront patriarchal constraints and societal expectations, offering unflinching perspectives on womanhood. Their shared focus on female subjectivity, expressed through distinct yet complementary voices, links them as vital contributors to Indian feminist poetry.
181. Which anthology did Eunice de Souza edit?
a) Nine Indian Women Poets
b) The Oxford India Anthology
c) 60 Indian Poets
d) Modern Indian Poetry in English
Answer: a) Nine Indian Women Poets
Explanation: Eunice de Souza edited Nine Indian Women Poets, an anthology published in 1997 that highlights the contributions of women to Indian English poetry. As a poet and critic herself, de Souza curated this collection to showcase voices like Kamala Das, Mamta Kalia, and Melanie Silgardo, emphasizing their distinct perspectives on gender, identity, and society. The anthology reflects her commitment to amplifying marginalized voices within a male-dominated literary landscape. With her sharp editorial insight, de Souza provided a platform that celebrated the diversity and strength of women poets, making it a significant contribution to feminist literary studies in India during the late 20th century.
182. What is a notable feature of Kamala Das’s style?
a) Use of mythological imagery
b) Focus on nature
c) Confessional and bold tone
d) Strict adherence to rhyme
Answer: c) Confessional and bold tone
Explanation: Kamala Das’s poetry is distinguished by its confessional and bold tone, a hallmark that sets her apart in Indian English literature. In works like Summer in Calcutta and “The Old Playhouse,” she fearlessly explores personal experiences—love, sexuality, and marital disillusionment—with raw honesty. This confessional style, inspired by poets like Sylvia Plath, breaks from traditional Indian poetic norms, embracing a direct, unapologetic voice. Her boldness lies in defying societal taboos, particularly around female desire and autonomy, making her a revolutionary figure. This approach not only captivated readers but also inspired subsequent generations to embrace vulnerability and truth in poetry.
183. Which of de Souza’s works reflects her sharp wit?
a) Women in Dutch Painting
b) Summer in Calcutta
c) The Old Playhouse
d) Missing Person
Answer: a) Women in Dutch Painting
Explanation: Eunice de Souza’s Women in Dutch Painting (1988) reflects her sharp wit, a defining trait of her poetic voice. In this collection, she employs irony and satire to dissect personal and social themes—gender roles, Catholicism, and Bombay life. The title poem humorously critiques idealized femininity in art, juxtaposing it with real women’s complexities. De Souza’s wit cuts through sentimentality, offering a dry, incisive perspective that avoids melodrama. This sharpness, honed by her academic and poetic career, distinguishes her work, making it both intellectually engaging and emotionally resonant, a testament to her skill in blending humor with profound observation.
184. How did Kamala Das influence Indian poetry in English?
a) By focusing on diaspora themes
b) By translating regional works
c) By introducing traditional forms
d) By challenging social norms through poetry
Answer: d) By challenging social norms through poetry
Explanation: Kamala Das profoundly influenced Indian poetry in English by challenging social norms through her work. In collections like The Descendants and My Story, she tackled taboo subjects—female sexuality, marital oppression, and personal freedom—with a fearless, confessional voice. Writing in post-independence India, she defied conservative expectations, reshaping the role of women in literature. Her rejection of patriarchal constraints inspired poets to explore authentic, subversive themes, broadening the scope of Indian English poetry. Das’s legacy lies in her courage to confront societal hypocrisy, making her a feminist pioneer whose influence endures in contemporary poetry’s openness and boldness.
185. What does “Double Edge of Poetry” likely refer to in Adil Jussawalla’s work?
a) His use of humor and satire
b) His ambivalence toward English and identity
c) His focus on rural and urban themes
d) His rejection of modernist trends
Answer: b) His ambivalence toward English and identity
Explanation: In Adil Jussawalla’s work, “Double Edge of Poetry” likely refers to his ambivalence toward English and identity. As a Bombay poet, Jussawalla grapples with writing in a colonial language while rooted in Indian experience, a tension evident in collections like Land’s End (1962) and Missing Person (1976). This “double edge” reflects the dual role of English as both a tool of expression and a symbol of alienation, cutting into his sense of self and cultural belonging. His poetry often explores this conflict with introspection and irony, highlighting the complexities of post-colonial identity—a theme central to his contribution to Indian English literature.
186. Which of Adil Jussawalla’s works is a significant collection?
a) New Writing in India
b) The Right Kind of Dog
c) Land’s End
d) Missing Person
Answer: d) Missing Person
Explanation: Missing Person (1976) is a significant poetry collection by Adil Jussawalla, widely regarded as a cornerstone of his oeuvre. Published after a long hiatus following his debut Land’s End, it reflects his mature voice, marked by introspection, irony, and a fragmented sense of identity. The titular poem explores the dislocation of the postcolonial self, blending personal and cultural critique. Written during his return to Bombay after years in England, it captures the alienation of an Indian poet in English. Critics praise its modernist complexity and emotional depth, cementing Jussawalla’s reputation as a key figure in Indian English poetry’s evolution.
187. What role did Adil Jussawalla play in Bombay’s literary scene?
a) Founder of Writers Workshop
b) Editor of little magazines
c) Key figure in Clearing House
d) Translator of Sanskrit poetry
Answer: c) Key figure in Clearing House
Explanation: Adil Jussawalla was a key figure in Clearing House, a Bombay-based publishing collective he co-founded in 1976 with poets like Arun Kolatkar and Gieve Patel. This initiative aimed to promote Indian English poetry by producing affordable, high-quality books, countering the dominance of mainstream publishers. Jussawalla’s role was pivotal—editing, mentoring, and shaping the group’s vision. Clearing House published significant works by its members, fostering a collaborative spirit among Bombay’s modernist poets. His involvement solidified his influence in the city’s literary scene, bridging individual creativity with collective effort in post-independence India’s vibrant cultural landscape.
188. Which anthology did Adil Jussawalla edit in 1974?
a) New Writing in India
b) The Oxford India Anthology
c) 60 Indian Poets
d) Modern Indian Poetry in English
Answer: a) New Writing in India
Explanation: Adil Jussawalla edited New Writing in India, an anthology published in 1974 by Penguin Books, showcasing contemporary Indian literature across languages and genres. As editor, Jussawalla curated a diverse selection of poetry, fiction, and essays, translated from regional languages like Marathi and Bengali alongside English works. This anthology highlighted emerging voices and reflected India’s multilingual literary richness in the post-independence era. His introduction contextualized the evolving literary scene, emphasizing authenticity over colonial imitation. The collection remains a landmark for its broad scope and Jussawalla’s editorial insight, amplifying Indian writing on a global stage.
189. What influenced Adil Jussawalla’s poetic style?
a) Regional folk poetry
b) Indian classical traditions
c) Modernist and postcolonial perspectives
d) British Romanticism
Answer: c) Modernist and postcolonial perspectives
Explanation: Adil Jussawalla’s poetic style is heavily influenced by modernist and postcolonial perspectives, blending innovation with a critique of colonial legacies. His time in England exposed him to modernist poets like T.S. Eliot, shaping his use of fragmented structures and irony, as seen in Missing Person. Simultaneously, his postcolonial lens—rooted in his Indian identity—explores themes of alienation, language, and belonging in a globalized world. Unlike folk or classical traditions, Jussawalla’s work engages with urban experience and the ambivalence of English as a medium. This dual influence defines his distinct voice in Indian English poetry.
190. Which Clearing House poet was a close associate of Adil Jussawalla?
a) Arun Kolatkar
b) Nissim Ezekiel
c) Dom Moraes
d) Kamala Das
Answer: a) Arun Kolatkar
Explanation: Arun Kolatkar, a bilingual poet renowned for Jejuri, was a close associate of Adil Jussawalla within the Clearing House collective. Both Bombay-based poets shared a modernist sensibility and a commitment to Indian English poetry’s growth. Kolatkar’s sharp, imagistic style complemented Jussawalla’s introspective depth, and their collaboration in Clearing House—founded in 1976—produced seminal works, including Kolatkar’s own publications. Their friendship extended beyond publishing, rooted in Bombay’s literary circles, where they exchanged ideas and shaped the city’s poetic identity. Kolatkar’s presence reinforced Clearing House’s reputation as a hub for innovative, authentic voices.
191. Which of Arvind Krishna Mehrotra’s works is a translation of Prakrit poetry?
a) The Absent Traveller
b) Distance in Statute Miles
c) Songs of Kabir
d) Collected Poems
Answer: a) The Absent Traveller
Explanation: The Absent Traveller (1991) is Arvind Krishna Mehrotra’s acclaimed translation of Prakrit love poetry from the Gatha Saptashati, a 2nd-century anthology. Mehrotra, a poet and translator, renders these ancient verses into sparse, modern English, preserving their emotional intensity and brevity. The collection reflects his skill in bridging historical Indian literature with contemporary sensibilities, showcasing lovers’ voices across time. Unlike his original poetry or translations of Kabir, this work highlights his engagement with Prakrit, a vernacular language, revealing his deep interest in India’s linguistic diversity and his ability to make ancient texts resonate with modern readers.
192. What is a key theme in Arvind Krishna Mehrotra’s poetry?
a) Urban alienation
b) Linguistic hybridity
c) Colonial nostalgia
d) Religious devotion
Answer: b) Linguistic hybridity
Explanation: A key theme in Arvind Krishna Mehrotra’s poetry is linguistic hybridity, reflecting his navigation of English alongside India’s multilingual heritage. In works like Distance in Statute Miles, he blends Hindi, Urdu, and regional inflections into English, creating a distinctive, layered voice. This hybridity mirrors his identity as an Indian poet writing in a colonial language, subverting its dominance with local idioms and rhythms. Unlike themes of urban alienation or nostalgia, Mehrotra’s focus on language as a site of cultural interplay showcases his modernist innovation, making his poetry a dialogue between traditions and a testament to India’s linguistic richness.
193. Which anthology did Mehrotra edit in 1992?
a) The Oxford India Anthology of Twelve Modern Indian Poets
b) 60 Indian Poets
c) New Writing in India
d) Modern Indian Poetry in English
Answer: a) The Oxford India Anthology of Twelve Modern Indian Poets
Explanation: Arvind Krishna Mehrotra edited The Oxford India Anthology of Twelve Modern Indian Poets, published in 1992, a seminal collection of post-independence Indian English poetry. Featuring poets like Nissim Ezekiel, Kamala Das, and A.K. Ramanujan, it highlights the diversity and vitality of the genre. Mehrotra’s editorial choices emphasize authenticity and innovation, avoiding imitative colonial styles. His introduction provides critical context, framing these poets as voices of a modern India. The anthology remains a key resource for understanding the evolution of Indian English poetry, reflecting Mehrotra’s deep engagement with the literary landscape as both poet and scholar.
194. Which poet’s Speaking of Siva connects diaspora with medieval Indian poetry?
a) A. K. Ramanujan
b) Vijay Seshadri
c) G. S. Sharat Chandra
d) Agha Shahid Ali
Answer: a) A. K. Ramanujan
Explanation: A. K. Ramanujan, an Indian poet, scholar, and translator, is known for his work Speaking of Siva, a collection of translations of medieval Kannada devotional poetry by the Virashaiva saints. His work bridges the diaspora experience with the rich tradition of medieval Indian poetry, reflecting his deep engagement with Indian literary heritage and his identity as a poet in the diaspora.
195. How did Mehrotra contribute to Indian poetry in English?
a) By focusing solely on urban themes
b) By rejecting modernist influences
c) By bridging English and Indian linguistic traditions
d) By focusing on prose
Answer: c) By bridging English and Indian linguistic traditions
Explanation: Arvind Krishna Mehrotra contributed to Indian poetry in English by bridging English with Indian linguistic traditions, enriching the genre with a hybrid voice. Through original works like Nine Enclosures and translations of Kabir and Prakrit poetry, he infused English with Hindi, Urdu, and vernacular rhythms, creating a poetry that feels both global and deeply Indian. Unlike poets focused solely on urban themes or rejecting modernism, Mehrotra embraced a modernist framework while rooting it in India’s multilingual heritage. His editing of anthologies and little magazines further amplified this synthesis, making him a pivotal figure in expanding the scope and authenticity of Indian English poetry.
196. Which of Arun Kolatkar’s works is a celebrated English collection?
a) Jejuri
b) Kala Ghoda Poems
c) Sarpa Satra
d) Bhijki Vahi
Answer: a) Jejuri
Explanation: Jejuri (1976) is Arun Kolatkar’s celebrated English poetry collection, widely regarded as a masterpiece in Indian English literature. This sequence of 31 poems chronicles a visit to the Jejuri temple town in Maharashtra, blending vivid imagery with subtle irony. Winning the Commonwealth Poetry Prize in 1977, it showcases Kolatkar’s ability to transform a pilgrimage into a meditative exploration of faith and doubt. Written in crisp, minimalist English, Jejuri stands out among his works—unlike his Marathi poetry or later collections like Kala Ghoda Poems—for its universal appeal and its deft portrayal of Indian life through a modernist lens.
197. In which language did Arun Kolatkar also write poetry?
a) Tamil
b) Bengali
c) Marathi
d) Hindi
Answer: c) Marathi
Explanation: Arun Kolatkar was a bilingual poet who wrote extensively in Marathi, his native language, alongside English. Born in Maharashtra, he contributed significantly to Marathi literature with works like Bhijki Vahi (2003), which won the Sahitya Akademi Award posthumously. His Marathi poetry, often experimental and rich with local idioms, complements his English output, such as Jejuri. Kolatkar’s dual linguistic practice reflects his deep connection to Bombay’s multicultural ethos and his ability to navigate regional and global literary traditions. This bilingualism distinguishes him among Indian poets, showcasing his versatility and cultural rootedness.
198. What is a key theme in Jejuri?
a) Romantic love
b) Colonial nostalgia
c) Pilgrimage and skepticism
d) Urban alienation
Answer: c) Pilgrimage and skepticism
Explanation: A key theme in Arun Kolatkar’s Jejuri is pilgrimage and skepticism, woven through its depiction of a visit to the Jejuri temple. The collection explores the tension between spiritual tradition and modern doubt, using the physical journey as a metaphor. Poems like “The Bus” and “The Priest” juxtapose sacred rituals with mundane observations, questioning blind faith with a wry, detached tone. Unlike romantic or nostalgic themes, Kolatkar’s focus is on the pilgrim’s ambivalence—capturing both the allure and absurdity of religious sites. This blend of reverence and critique makes Jejuri a profound commentary on belief in a secular age.
199. What influenced Arun Kolatkar’s poetic style?
a) British Romanticism
b) Modernism and regional traditions
c) Classical Sanskrit poetry
d) Rural folk songs
Answer: b) Modernism and regional traditions
Explanation: Arun Kolatkar’s poetic style was shaped by modernism and regional traditions, creating a unique fusion in works like Jejuri. Influenced by modernist poets like T.S. Eliot, he adopted sparse, imagistic language and fragmented structures, rejecting ornate romanticism. Simultaneously, his Marathi roots and Bombay’s vibrant street life infused his poetry with local idioms, humor, and everyday imagery—evident in his keen eye for detail. Unlike classical Sanskrit or folk influences, Kolatkar’s style reflects a contemporary Indian sensibility, blending global literary trends with regional flavor. This duality defines his innovative contribution to Indian English poetry.
200. Which Bombay poets’ cooperative published Arun Kolatkar’s work?
a) Quest
b) Damn You
c) Writers Workshop
d) Clearing House
Answer: d) Clearing House
Explanation: Arun Kolatkar’s work, including Jejuri, was published by Clearing House, a Bombay-based poets’ cooperative he co-founded in 1976 with Adil Jussawalla and others. This collective aimed to self-publish Indian English poetry, bypassing commercial constraints and fostering creative autonomy. Clearing House produced handmade, affordable books, emphasizing quality and community among Bombay’s modernist poets. Kolatkar’s involvement reflects his commitment to the city’s literary scene, where he collaborated with peers like Gieve Patel. The cooperative’s efforts elevated works like Jejuri, cementing its legacy as a hub for innovative poetry in post-independence India.
