Essay Type Questions
Write the critical appreciation of the poem “Lakshman” by Toru Dutt.
Introduction: “Lakshman” is a narrative ballad from the Indian epic, Ramayana. The poem captures a critical moment when Sita urges Lakshman to go and help Rama, who she believes is in danger. The poem is rich in emotional intensity and moral dilemmas. The dialogue between Sita and Lakshman forms the crux of the poem, revealing their characters and the tension of the situation.
Central Idea: The central idea of the poem revolves around the conflict of duty and the emotional turmoil it can cause. Lakshman is torn between his duty to protect Sita and his duty to aid Rama. This conflict forms the crux of the poem, highlighting the challenges of making decisions in critical situations. The poem explores the idea of duty, loyalty, and the moral complexities that arise when these duties conflict.
Structure & Rhyme Scheme: The poem follows a consistent rhyme scheme of ABABCDCD. This means that in each stanza, the first- and third-lines rhyme, the second- and fourth-lines rhyme, and the fifth to eighth lines rhyme in an alternating pattern. The consistent rhyme scheme adds a rhythmic quality to the verse and enhances the poetic quality of the dialogue. The structure of the poem, with its alternating lines of dialogue, helps to create a sense of conversation and conflict.
Theme: The poem “Lakshman” from the Indian epic Ramayana explores several profound themes that delve into the complexities of human emotions, moral dilemmas, and the essence of duty and loyalty. Here’s a detailed exploration of the themes:
1. Duty and Dilemma: The central theme of the poem is the conflict between duty and personal emotions. Lakshman is torn between his duty to protect Sita, as instructed by Rama, and his duty to aid Rama, who Sita believes is in danger. This moral dilemma forms the crux of the poem, highlighting the challenges of making decisions in critical situations. Lakshman’s ultimate decision to go to Rama’s aid, despite the risk to Sita, underscores the importance he places on his duty.
2. Courage and Accusation: The theme of courage is explored through Sita’s accusations against Lakshman. She questions his bravery and accuses him of cowardice for not rushing to Rama’s aid. This brings to light the expectations placed on heroes and the harsh judgments they can face when their actions are perceived as lacking in courage. Lakshman’s defence and his eventual decision to go to Rama’s aid demonstrate his true courage.
3. Protection and Trust: The protective circle that Lakshman draws around Sita symbolizes his duty to protect her and also the trust that should exist between them. It serves as a physical boundary that Sita is instructed not to cross, ensuring her safety in Lakshman’s absence. However, Sita’s accusations against Lakshman reveal a breach of trust, highlighting the fragile nature of relationships under strain.
4. Loyalty and Suspicion: Sita’s accusations against Lakshman bring forth the theme of loyalty and suspicion. She questions Lakshman’s loyalty to Rama and suspects him of harbouring ulterior motives. This suspicion strains their relationship and reveals the darker side of fear and uncertainty. Lakshman’s hurt and disappointment at these accusations underscore his loyalty to both Rama and Sita.
5. Love and Sacrifice: Sita’s deep love for Rama and her willingness to risk her own safety for his sake is a recurring theme in the poem. Her desperation and fear for Rama’s safety drive her to confront Lakshman and even accuse him of treachery. Her declaration that she will not survive without Rama underscores the depth of her love and her readiness to sacrifice herself.
6. Faith and Reassurance: Despite Sita’s fears and accusations, Lakshman maintains his faith in Rama’s strength and tries to reassure Sita. His unwavering belief in Rama’s invincibility and his attempts to calm Sita reveal his deep faith and his role as a pillar of support.
Style: The poem is written in a dramatic style, with dialogue between the characters driving the narrative. It uses vivid imagery, metaphors, and rhetorical questions to convey the emotions and dilemmas of the characters. The language is formal and poetic, with a consistent rhyme scheme adding a rhythmic quality to the verse. The use of direct speech and the dramatic style of the poem serve to heighten the emotional intensity and bring the characters and their conflicts to life.
Poetic Devices: The poem employs various poetic devices such as imagery, metaphor, apostrophe, alliteration, and repetition. Imagery is used to depict the emotional intensity of the situation and the dilemmas faced by the characters. Metaphors are used to convey the themes and messages of the poem. Apostrophe is used when the characters address each other directly. Alliteration and repetition add a rhythmic quality to the verse. These devices work together to create a vivid and emotionally charged depiction of the situation and the characters’ responses to it.
Message: The message of the poem lies in its exploration of duty, loyalty, and moral dilemma. It highlights the challenges of making decisions in critical situations and the emotional turmoil that can arise from conflicting responsibilities. It also underscores the importance of trust and understanding in relationships. The poem serves as a reminder of the complexities of duty and the emotional cost it can entail. It suggests that loyalty and duty, while noble, can also lead to conflict and misunderstanding.
Conclusion: In conclusion, “Lakshman” is a powerful and emotionally charged poem that captures a critical moment in the epic Ramayana. Through its vivid imagery, dramatic dialogue, and exploration of complex themes, it offers a deep insight into the characters of Sita and Lakshman and the moral and emotional dilemmas they face. It serves as a timeless exploration of human nature and relationships, leaving a lasting impression on the reader. The poem’s exploration of duty, loyalty, and moral dilemma resonates with readers, making it a compelling piece of literature.
