Lakshman by Toru Dutt | Lakshman | Toru Dutt | Explanation | Summary | Key Points | Word Meaning | Critical Appreciation | Questions Answers | Free PDF Download – Easy Literary Lessons
Lakshman
“Hark! Lakshman! Hark, again that cry!
It is,–it is my husband’s voice!
Oh hasten, to his succour fly,
No more hast thou, dear friend, a choice.
He calls on thee, perhaps his foes
Environ him on all sides round,
That wail,–it means death’s final throes!
Why standest thou, as magic-bound?
“Is this a time for thought,–oh gird
Thy bright sword on, and take thy bow!
He heeds not, hears not any word,
Evil hangs over us, I know!
Swift in decision, prompt in deed,
Brave unto rashness, can this be,
The man to whom all looked at need?
Is it my brother, that I see!
“Ah no, and I must run alone,
For further here I cannot stay;
Art thou transformed to blind dumb stone!
Wherefore this impious, strange delay!
That cry,–that cry,–it seems to ring
Still in my ears,–I cannot bear
Suspense; if help we fail to bring
His death at least we both can share.”
“Oh calm thyself, Videhan Queen,
No cause is there for any fear,
Hast thou his prowess never seen?
Wipe off for shame that dastard tear!
What being of demonian birth
Could ever brave his mighty arm?
Is there a creature on the earth
That dares to work our hero harm?
“The lion and the grisly bear
Cower when they see his royal look,
Sun-staring eagles of the air
His glance of anger cannot brook,
Pythons and cobras at his tread
To their most secret coverts glide,
Bowed to the dust each serpent head
Erect before in hooded pride.
“Rakshases, Danavs, demons, ghosts,
Acknowledge in their hearts his might,
And slink to their remotest coasts,
In terror at his very sight.
Evil to him! Oh fear it not,
Whatever foes against him rise!
Banish for aye, the foolish thought,
And be thyself,–bold, great, and wise.
“He call for help! Canst thou believe
He like a child would shriek for aid
Or pray for respite or reprieve–
Not of such metal is he made!
Delusive was that piercing cry,–
Some trick of magic by the foe;
He has a work,–he cannot die,
Beseech me not from hence to go.
“For here beside thee, as a guard
‘Twas he commanded me to stay,
And dangers with my life to ward
If they should come across thy way.
Send me not hence, for in this wood
Bands scattered of the giants lurk,
Who on their wrongs and vengeance brood,
And wait the hour their will to work.”
“Oh shame! And canst thou make my weal
A plea for lingering! Now I know
What thou art Lakshman! And I feel
Far better were an open foe.
Art thou a coward? I have seen
Thy bearing in the battle-fray
Where flew the death-fraught arrows keen,
Else had I judged thee so to-day.
“But then thy leader stood beside!
Dazzles the cloud when shines the sun,
Reft of his radiance, see it glide
A shapeless mass of vapours dun;
So of thy courage,–or if not,
The matter is far darker dyed,
What makes thee loth to leave this spot?
Is there a motive thou wouldst hide?
“He perishes–well, let him die!
His wife henceforth shall be mine own!
Can that thought deep imbedded lie
Within thy heart’s most secret zone!
Search well and see! one brother takes
His kingdom,–one would take his wife!
A fair partition!–But it makes
Me shudder, and abhor my life.
“Art thou in secret league with those
Who from his hope the kingdom rent?
A spy from his ignoble foes
To track him in his banishment?
And wouldst thou at his death rejoice?
I know thou wouldst, or sure ere now
When first thou heardst that well-known voice
Thou shouldst have run to aid, I trow.
“Learn this,–whatever comes may come,
But I shall not survive my Love,–
Of all my thoughts here is the sum!
Witness it gods in heaven above.
If fire can burn, or water drown,
I follow him:–choose what thou wilt,
Truth with its everlasting crown,
Or falsehood, treachery, and guilt.
“Remain here, with a vain pretence
Of shielding me from wrong and shame,
Or go and die in his defence
And leave behind a noble name.
Choose what thou wilt,–I urge no more,
My pathway lies before me clear,
I did not know thy mind before,
I know thee now,–and have no fear.”
She said and proudly from him turned,–
Was this the gentle Sîta? No.
Flames from her eyes shot forth and burned,
The tears therein had ceased to flow.
“Hear me, O Queen, ere I depart,
No longer can I bear thy words,
They lacerate my inmost heart
And torture me, like poisoned swords.
“Have I deserved this at thine hand?
Of lifelong loyalty and truth
Is this the meed? I understand
Thy feelings, Sîta, and in sooth
I blame thee not,–but thou mightst be
Less rash in judgement. Look! I go,
Little I care what comes to me
Wert thou but safe,–God keep thee so!
“In going hence I disregard
The plainest orders of my chief,
A deed for me,–a soldier,–hard
And deeply painful, but thy grief
And language, wild and wrong, allow
No other course. Mine be the crime,
And mine alone,–but oh, do thou
Think better of me from this time.
“Here with an arrow, lo, I trace
A magic circle ere I leave,
No evil thing within this space
May come to harm thee or to grieve.
Step not, for aught, across the line,
Whatever thou mayst see or hear,
So shalt thou balk the bad design
Of every enemy I fear.
“And now farewell! What thou hast said,
Though it has broken quite my heart,
So that I wish that I were dead–
I would before, O Queen, we part
Freely forgive, for well I know
That grief and fear have made thee wild,
We part as friends,–is it not so?”
And speaking thus,–he sadly smiled.
“And oh ye sylvan gods that dwell
Among these dim and sombre shades,
Whose voices in the breezes swell
And blend with noises of cascades,
Watch over Sîta, whom alone
I leave, and keep her safe from harm,
Till we return unto our own,
I and my brother, arm in arm.
“For though ill omens round us rise
And frighten her dear heart, I feel
That he is safe. Beneath the skies
His equal is not,–and his heel
Shall tread all adversaries down,
Whoever they may chance to be.–
Farewell, O Sîta! Blessings crown
And Peace for ever rest with thee!”
He said, and straight his weapons took
His bow and arrows pointed keen,
Kind,–nay, indulgent,–was his look,
No trace of anger there was seen,
Only a sorrow dark, that seemed
To deepen his resolve to dare
All dangers. Hoarse the vulture screamed,
As out he strode with dauntless air.
line-by-line explanation of the poem
Stanza 1
“Hark! Lakshman! Hark, again that cry!
It is,–it is my husband’s voice!
Oh hasten, to his succour fly,
No more hast thou, dear friend, a choice.
He calls on thee, perhaps his foes
Environ him on all sides round,
That wail,–it means death’s final throes!
Why standest thou, as magic-bound?
Explanation: These lines are from the poem “Lakshman” by Toru Dutt, which is based on the Indian epic, Ramayana. In this part of the poem, Sita, the wife of Rama, hears a cry that she believes is her husband’s. She is urging Lakshman, Rama’s brother, to go to Rama’s aid.
“Hark! Lakshman! Hark, again that cry! It is,–it is my husband’s voice!”: Sita hears a cry and immediately recognizes it as Rama’s voice. The repetition of “Hark” emphasizes her urgency and concern.
“Oh hasten, to his succour fly, No more hast thou, dear friend, a choice.”: Sita urges Lakshman to hurry to Rama’s aid. She tells him that he no longer has a choice in the matter, implying the severity of the situation.
“He calls on thee, perhaps his foes Environ him on all sides round,”: Sita speculates that Rama might be surrounded by enemies. This line paints a picture of Rama being in a dangerous situation.
“That wail,–it means death’s final throes!”: Sita interprets the cry as a sign of Rama’s impending death. The term “death’s final throes” refers to the last struggling moments before death, intensifying the sense of danger and urgency.
“Why standest thou, as magic-bound?”: Sita questions why Lakshman is standing still as if he’s bound by magic. This line expresses her frustration and confusion at Lakshman’s inaction in the face of Rama’s perceived danger.
Overall, these lines depict a tense and urgent situation where Sita is desperately seeking help for her husband, Rama, from his brother, Lakshman. The emotional intensity and the vivid imagery used by the poet effectively convey the gravity of the situation.
Poetic devices
Repetition: The word “Hark” is repeated to emphasize the urgency of the situation and Sita’s desperate plea for help.
Simile: The phrase “as magic-bound” is a simile used to describe Lakshman’s state of inaction despite Sita’s pleas. It suggests that he is under some spell that prevents him from moving.
Personification: Death is personified in the phrase “death’s final throes,” suggesting that death is a force capable of action. This adds to the sense of danger and urgency in the stanza.
Stanza 2
“Is this a time for thought,–oh gird
Thy bright sword on, and take thy bow!
He heeds not, hears not any word,
Evil hangs over us, I know!
Swift in decision, prompt in deed,
Brave unto rashness, can this be,
The man to whom all looked at need?
Is it my brother, that I see!
Explanation: These lines continue the dialogue between Sita and Lakshman in the poem “Lakshman” by Toru Dutt. Here, Sita is expressing her frustration and disbelief at Lakshman’s hesitation to rush to Rama’s aid.
“Is this a time for thought,–oh gird Thy bright sword on, and take thy bow!”: Sita is urging Lakshman to take immediate action. She believes that this is not a time for contemplation but for swift action. She tells him to arm himself with his sword and bow, symbols of his warrior status.
“He heeds not, hears not any word, Evil hangs over us, I know!”: Sita observes that Lakshman is not paying attention to her pleas and is not responding to her words. She senses impending danger (“Evil hangs over us”).
“Swift in decision, prompt in deed, Brave unto rashness, can this be, The man to whom all looked at need?”: Sita is questioning Lakshman’s character. She remembers him as someone who was quick to make decisions, prompt in action, and brave, even to the point of being rash. She wonders if this hesitant man is the same person whom everyone relied upon in times of need.
“Is it my brother, that I see!”: This line expresses Sita’s disbelief and disappointment. She is finding it hard to reconcile the image of the brave and decisive Lakshman she knew with the hesitant man she is seeing now.
Overall, these lines highlight Sita’s desperation and disappointment, and they further intensify the emotional conflict in the poem. The poet uses this dialogue to explore themes of duty, courage, and loyalty in the face of crisis.
Poetic devices
Rhetorical Question: Sita uses rhetorical questions (“Is this a time for thought?”, “Is it my brother, that I see!”) to express her disbelief and frustration.
Alliteration: The repetition of the ‘h’ sound in “heeds not, hears not” adds emphasis to Sita’s perception that Lakshman is not paying attention to her pleas.
Metaphor: The phrase “evil hangs over us” is a metaphor indicating the impending danger that Sita senses.
Stanza 3
“Ah no, and I must run alone,
For further here I cannot stay;
Art thou transformed to blind dumb stone!
Wherefore this impious, strange delay!
That cry,–that cry,–it seems to ring
Still in my ears,–I cannot bear
Suspense; if help we fail to bring
His death at least we both can share.”
Explanation: These lines are a continuation of the poem “Lakshman” by Toru Dutt. Here, Sita expresses her determination to go and help Rama herself, as she can no longer bear the suspense and Lakshman’s inaction.
“Ah no, and I must run alone, For further here I cannot stay;”: Sita decides that if Lakshman will not go to help Rama, she will do so herself. She feels she cannot stay where she is any longer while Rama might be in danger.
“Art thou transformed to blind dumb stone! Wherefore this impious, strange delay!”: Sita questions Lakshman’s inaction, comparing him to a “blind dumb stone”. She finds his delay in responding to the situation strange and impious (disrespectful).
“That cry,–that cry,–it seems to ring Still in my ears,–I cannot bear Suspense;”: Sita is haunted by the cry she believes to be Rama’s. The suspense of not knowing what has happened to him is unbearable for her.
“if help we fail to bring His death at least we both can share.”: Sita resolves that if they fail to bring help to Rama, they should at least share his fate, i.e., death. This line underscores Sita’s deep love for Rama and her readiness to share his fate, whatever it may be.
Overall, these lines highlight Sita’s courage, determination, and deep love for Rama. Despite her fear and anxiety, she is ready to face any danger to help Rama.
Poetic devices
Metaphor: Sita compares Lakshman to a “blind dumb stone”, using a metaphor to express her frustration at his inaction.
Repetition: The phrase “That cry,–that cry,–” is repeated, emphasizing the urgency and the impact the cry has had on Sita.
Hyperbole: The statement “His death at least we both can share” is a hyperbole that underscores Sita’s deep love for Rama and her willingness to die with him.
Stanza 4
“Oh calm thyself, Videhan Queen,
No cause is there for any fear,
Hast thou his prowess never seen?
Wipe off for shame that dastard tear!
What being of demonian birth
Could ever brave his mighty arm?
Is there a creature on the earth
That dares to work our hero harm?
Explanation: These lines are Lakshman’s response to Sita in the poem “Lakshman” by Toru Dutt. Here, Lakshman is trying to reassure Sita and alleviate her fears about Rama’s safety.
“Oh calm thyself, Videhan Queen, No cause is there for any fear,”: Lakshman addresses Sita as “Videhan Queen”, referring to her origin from the Videha kingdom. He urges her to calm herself and assures her that there is no reason to fear.
“Hast thou his prowess never seen? Wipe off for shame that dastard tear!”: Lakshman reminds Sita of Rama’s prowess and questions if she has never witnessed it. He tells her to wipe away her tears, implying that they are unworthy of her and the situation.
“What being of demonian birth Could ever brave his mighty arm?”: Lakshman asserts Rama’s strength, questioning what demon could ever dare to face him. This is a rhetorical question emphasizing Rama’s invincibility.
“Is there a creature on the earth That dares to work our hero harm?”: Again, Lakshman uses a rhetorical question to highlight Rama’s might. He implies that no creature on earth would dare to harm Rama.
Overall, these lines reflect Lakshman’s faith in Rama’s strength and his attempt to comfort Sita. Despite the tense situation, Lakshman remains confident in Rama’s abilities and tries to impart this confidence to Sita.
Poetic devices
Rhetorical Question: Lakshman uses rhetorical questions (“Hast thou his prowess never seen?”, “What being of demonian birth Could ever brave his mighty arm?”, “Is there a creature on the earth That dares to work our hero harm?”) to emphasize Rama’s strength and valor, and to challenge Sita’s fears.
Metaphor: The phrase “being of demonian birth” is a metaphor for powerful and malevolent enemies, used to highlight Rama’s formidable strength.
Stanza 5
“The lion and the grisly bear
Cower when they see his royal look,
Sun-staring eagles of the air
His glance of anger cannot brook,
Pythons and cobras at his tread
To their most secret coverts glide,
Bowed to the dust each serpent head
Erect before in hooded pride.
Explanation: These lines continue Lakshman’s speech in the poem “Lakshman” by Toru Dutt. Here, Lakshman is emphasizing Rama’s formidable power and the fear he instills in even the most fearsome creatures.
“The lion and the grisly bear Cower when they see his royal look,”: Lakshman states that even the fiercest animals, like the lion and the bear, cower in fear at the sight of Rama’s royal look. This metaphorically highlights Rama’s commanding presence and authority.
“Sun-staring eagles of the air His glance of anger cannot brook,”: Even eagles, known for their ability to stare at the sun, cannot bear Rama’s angry glance. This emphasizes the intensity and power of Rama’s gaze.
“Pythons and cobras at his tread To their most secret coverts glide,”: The most venomous snakes, pythons and cobras, hide in their secret lairs at the sound of Rama’s footsteps. This illustrates the fear Rama instills in even the most dangerous creatures.
“Bowed to the dust each serpent head Erect before in hooded pride.”: Even the proud serpents bow their heads to the dust in Rama’s presence, further emphasizing his dominance and power.
Overall, these lines use vivid imagery and metaphors to portray Rama’s formidable power and the respect and fear he commands in all creatures. This serves to reassure Sita of Rama’s ability to handle any danger.
Poetic devices
Metaphor: The animals mentioned in the stanza (lion, bear, eagle, python, cobra) are metaphors for powerful and dangerous enemies. Their submission to Rama symbolizes his victory over such foes.
Stanza 6
“Rakshases, Danavs, demons, ghosts,
Acknowledge in their hearts his might,
And slink to their remotest coasts,
In terror at his very sight.
Evil to him! Oh fear it not,
Whatever foes against him rise!
Banish for aye, the foolish thought,
And be thyself,–bold, great, and wise.
Explanation: These lines continue Lakshman’s reassurances to Sita in the poem “Lakshman” by Toru Dutt. Here, Lakshman is emphasizing Rama’s power over supernatural beings and urging Sita to be brave and wise.
“Rakshases, Danavs, demons, ghosts, Acknowledge in their hearts his might,”: Lakshman states that all supernatural beings, including Rakshasas (demonic beings), Danavs (a race of giants or demons), demons, and ghosts, acknowledge Rama’s power in their hearts. This further emphasizes Rama’s supreme power and authority.
“And slink to their remotest coasts, In terror at his very sight.”: These beings retreat to their remotest hiding places in fear at just the sight of Rama. This illustrates the extent of the fear Rama instills in his enemies.
“Evil to him! Oh fear it not, Whatever foes against him rise!”: Lakshman assures Sita that she should not fear any harm coming to Rama, no matter what enemies rise against him. This line reflects Lakshman’s unwavering faith in Rama’s abilities.
“Banish for aye, the foolish thought, And be thyself,–bold, great, and wise.”: Lakshman urges Sita to banish her fears and to be her true self – bold, great, and wise. He encourages her to have faith in Rama and in herself.
Overall, these lines highlight Lakshman’s faith in Rama’s power and his attempts to reassure and encourage Sita.
Poetic devices
Metaphor: The supernatural beings mentioned in the stanza (Rakshasas, Danavs, demons, ghosts) are metaphors for powerful and malevolent enemies. Their fear and retreat symbolize Rama’s victory over such foes.
Consonance: The repetition of the ‘s’ sound in “Rakshasas, Danavs, demons, ghosts” adds a rhythmic effect to the verse.
Stanza 7
“He call for help! Canst thou believe
He like a child would shriek for aid
Or pray for respite or reprieve–
Not of such metal is he made!
Delusive was that piercing cry,–
Some trick of magic by the foe;
He has a work,–he cannot die,
Beseech me not from hence to go.
Explanation: These lines are Lakshman’s response to Sita’s pleas in the poem “Lakshman” by Toru Dutt. Here, Lakshman is expressing his disbelief that Rama would call for help and suggesting that the cry they heard might be a trick by their enemies.
“He call for help! Canst thou believe He like a child would shriek for aid Or pray for respite or reprieve– Not of such metal is he made!”: Lakshman questions the idea that Rama would call for help like a child. He asserts that Rama is not made of such a weak “metal” that he would shriek for aid or pray for respite or reprieve. This reflects Lakshman’s belief in Rama’s strength and courage.
“Delusive was that piercing cry,– Some trick of magic by the foe;”: Lakshman suggests that the cry they heard was not real but a delusion, possibly a trick of magic by their enemies. This shows his suspicion and wariness.
“He has a work,–he cannot die, Beseech me not from hence to go.”: Lakshman asserts that Rama has a mission to fulfill and therefore cannot die. He asks Sita not to plead with him to leave their current location. This reflects his sense of duty and his faith in Rama’s destiny.
Overall, these lines highlight Lakshman’s faith in Rama’s strength and his skepticism about the cry they heard.
Poetic devices
Metaphor: The phrase “Not of such metal is he made” is a metaphor suggesting that Rama is made of strong, resilient material, symbolizing his courage and strength.
Stanza 8
“For here beside thee, as a guard
‘Twas he commanded me to stay,
And dangers with my life to ward
If they should come across thy way.
Send me not hence, for in this wood
Bands scattered of the giants lurk,
Who on their wrongs and vengeance brood,
And wait the hour their will to work.”
Explanation: These lines continue Lakshman’s speech in the poem “Lakshman” by Toru Dutt. Here, Lakshman is explaining his duty to protect Sita and the reasons for his reluctance to leave her alone.
“For here beside thee, as a guard ‘Twas he commanded me to stay,”: Lakshman reminds Sita that Rama had commanded him to stay by her side as a guard. This shows his commitment to following Rama’s orders.
“And dangers with my life to ward If they should come across thy way.”: Lakshman expresses his readiness to protect Sita from any dangers that might come her way, even at the cost of his own life. This reflects his loyalty and dedication to his duty.
“Send me not hence, for in this wood Bands scattered of the giants lurk,”: Lakshman explains that the forest is dangerous as bands of giants are lurking around. He is concerned about leaving Sita alone in such a dangerous place.
“Who on their wrongs and vengeance brood, And wait the hour their will to work.”: Lakshman suggests that these giants are brooding over their wrongs and waiting for an opportunity to take revenge. This adds to the sense of danger and urgency in the situation.
Overall, these lines highlight Lakshman’s sense of duty, his concern for Sita’s safety, and the dangerous circumstances they are in.
Poetic devices
Alliteration: The repetition of the ‘w’ sound in “And wait the hour their will to work” adds a rhythmic effect to the verse.
Metaphor: The phrase “dangers with my life to ward” is a metaphor suggesting that Lakshman is willing to risk his life to protect Sita.
Stanza 9
“Oh shame! And canst thou make my weal
A plea for lingering! Now I know
What thou art Lakshman! And I feel
Far better were an open foe.
Art thou a coward? I have seen
Thy bearing in the battle-fray
Where flew the death-fraught arrows keen,
Else had I judged thee so to-day.
Explanation: These lines are Sita’s response to Lakshman in the poem “Lakshman” by Toru Dutt. Here, Sita is expressing her disappointment and anger at Lakshman’s reluctance to leave her side and go to Rama’s aid.
“Oh shame! And canst thou make my weal A plea for lingering! Now I know What thou art Lakshman!”: Sita expresses her disappointment in Lakshman. She feels ashamed that he is using her well-being as an excuse to not go to Rama’s aid. She feels she now understands his true character.
“And I feel Far better were an open foe.”: Sita expresses that she would prefer an open enemy than a friend who does not come to aid in times of need. This reflects her deep sense of betrayal.
“Art thou a coward? I have seen Thy bearing in the battle-fray Where flew the death-fraught arrows keen,”: Sita questions Lakshman’s courage. She recalls his bravery in battle where deadly arrows were flying around.
“Else had I judged thee so to-day.”: Sita suggests that if she had not seen Lakshman’s bravery in battle, she would have judged him to be a coward based on his current actions.
Overall, these lines highlight Sita’s disappointment and anger at Lakshman’s inaction.
Poetic devices
Rhetorical Question: Sita uses rhetorical questions (“And canst thou make my weal A plea for lingering!”, “Art thou a coward?”) to express her disbelief and disappointment in Lakshman’s actions.
Stanza 10
“But then thy leader stood beside!
Dazzles the cloud when shines the sun,
Reft of his radiance, see it glide
A shapeless mass of vapours dun;
So of thy courage,–or if not,
The matter is far darker dyed,
What makes thee loth to leave this spot?
Is there a motive thou wouldst hide?
Explanation: These lines are a continuation of Sita’s speech in the poem “Lakshman” by Toru Dutt. Here, Sita is expressing her doubts about Lakshman’s motives and questioning his courage.
“But then thy leader stood beside! Dazzles the cloud when shines the sun,”: Sita recalls the times when Lakshman was brave, but she suggests that it was because Rama, his leader, was beside him. She compares this to how a cloud dazzles when the sun shines on it.
“Reft of his radiance, see it glide A shapeless mass of vapours dun;”: Sita continues the metaphor, saying that without the sun’s radiance, the cloud becomes a shapeless mass of dull vapors. She implies that without Rama, Lakshman’s courage fades away.
“So of thy courage,–or if not, The matter is far darker dyed,”: Sita questions whether Lakshman’s courage is dependent on Rama’s presence. She also suggests that if this is not the case, then the situation might be even worse.
“What makes thee loth to leave this spot? Is there a motive thou wouldst hide?”: Sita questions why Lakshman is reluctant to leave her side and go to Rama’s aid. She suspects that he might have a hidden motive.
Overall, these lines highlight Sita’s doubts and suspicions about Lakshman’s motives and courage.
Poetic devices
Metaphor: Sita uses the metaphor of a cloud that loses its radiance without the sun to suggest that Lakshman’s courage fades without Rama’s presence.
Rhetorical Question: Sita uses rhetorical questions (“What makes thee loth to leave this spot? Is there a motive thou wouldst hide?”) to express her suspicion about Lakshman’s motives.
Stanza 11
“He perishes–well, let him die!
His wife henceforth shall be mine own!
Can that thought deep imbedded lie
Within thy heart’s most secret zone!
Search well and see! one brother takes
His kingdom,–one would take his wife!
A fair partition!–But it makes
Me shudder, and abhor my life.
Explanation: These lines are a continuation of Sita’s speech in the poem “Lakshman” by Toru Dutt. Here, Sita is expressing her deepest fears and suspicions about Lakshman’s motives.
“He perishes–well, let him die! His wife henceforth shall be mine own!”: Sita voices a suspicion that Lakshman might want Rama to die so that he could claim Sita as his own. This is a harsh accusation, reflecting her distress and desperation.
“Can that thought deep imbedded lie Within thy heart’s most secret zone!”: Sita questions whether such a thought could be hidden deep within Lakshman’s heart. This line reveals her doubts and suspicions about Lakshman’s loyalty.
“Search well and see! one brother takes His kingdom,–one would take his wife!”: Sita refers to the fact that one brother (Bharata) has already taken Rama’s kingdom, and she fears that the other (Lakshman) might now be aiming to take his wife. This reflects her sense of betrayal and fear.
“A fair partition!–But it makes Me shudder, and abhor my life.”: Sita sarcastically calls this a “fair partition”. The thought of such a betrayal makes her shudder and hate her life. This line underscores her despair and disgust. Overall, these lines highlight Sita’s despair, suspicion, and fear.
Poetic devices
Irony: Sita uses irony when she refers to the division of Rama’s kingdom and wife between his brothers as a “fair partition”. Her actual sentiment is of disgust and abhorrence.
Rhetorical Question: Sita uses a rhetorical question (“Can that thought deep imbedded lie Within thy heart’s most secret zone!”) to express her suspicion about Lakshman’s motives.
Stanza 12
“Art thou in secret league with those
Who from his hope the kingdom rent?
A spy from his ignoble foes
To track him in his banishment?
And wouldst thou at his death rejoice?
I know thou wouldst, or sure ere now
When first thou heardst that well-known voice
Thou shouldst have run to aid, I trow.
Explanation: These lines are a continuation of Sita’s speech in the poem “Lakshman” by Toru Dutt. Here, Sita is expressing her deepest suspicions about Lakshman’s loyalty and intentions.
“Art thou in secret league with those Who from his hope the kingdom rent?”: Sita questions whether Lakshman is secretly allied with those who took away Rama’s kingdom. This reflects her suspicion and mistrust.
“A spy from his ignoble foes To track him in his banishment?”: Sita further questions if Lakshman could be a spy sent by Rama’s enemies to track him during his exile. This accusation underscores her fear and desperation.
“And wouldst thou at his death rejoice?”: Sita asks if Lakshman would rejoice at Rama’s death. This is a harsh accusation, reflecting her distress and the strain of the situation.
“I know thou wouldst, or sure ere now When first thou heardst that well-known voice Thou shouldst have run to aid, I trow.”: Sita asserts that if Lakshman were loyal, he would have rushed to aid Rama as soon as he heard his cry. Her words reveal her disappointment in Lakshman’s inaction.
Overall, these lines highlight Sita’s despair, suspicion, and disappointment in Lakshman.
Poetic devices
Rhetorical Question: Sita uses rhetorical questions (“Art thou in secret league with those Who from his hope the kingdom rent? A spy from his ignoble foes To track him in his banishment? And wouldst thou at his death rejoice?”) to express her suspicion and accuse Lakshman of betrayal.
Alliteration: The repetition of the ‘t’ sound in “Art thou in secret league with those” adds a rhythmic effect to the verse.
Stanza 13
“Learn this,–whatever comes may come,
But I shall not survive my Love,–
Of all my thoughts here is the sum!
Witness it gods in heaven above.
If fire can burn, or water drown,
I follow him:–choose what thou wilt,
Truth with its everlasting crown,
Or falsehood, treachery, and guilt.
Explanation: These lines are a continuation of Sita’s speech in the poem “Lakshman” by Toru Dutt. Here, Sita is expressing her unwavering devotion to Rama and her determination to follow him, no matter what happens.
“Learn this,–whatever comes may come, But I shall not survive my Love,–”: Sita declares that no matter what happens, she cannot live without her love, Rama. This shows her deep love and commitment to Rama.
“Of all my thoughts here is the sum! Witness it gods in heaven above.”: Sita states that this is the sum of all her thoughts and calls upon the gods in heaven to witness her declaration. This adds a solemn and serious tone to her words.
“If fire can burn, or water drown, I follow him:–choose what thou wilt,”: Sita asserts that even if she has to face fire or water (symbolizing dangers and hardships), she will follow Rama. She tells Lakshman to choose what he wants, implying that his choices will not affect her decision.
“Truth with its everlasting crown, Or falsehood, treachery, and guilt.”: Sita contrasts the eternal value of truth with the negative qualities of falsehood, treachery, and guilt. This could be seen as a subtle rebuke to Lakshman, suggesting that he should choose truth and loyalty over deceit and betrayal.
Overall, these lines highlight Sita’s unwavering devotion to Rama, her courage, and her moral integrity.
Poetic devices
Metaphor: The phrases “if fire can burn, or water drown” and “Truth with its everlasting crown” are metaphors. The first metaphor emphasizes the risks she’s willing to take to follow Rama, and the second metaphor symbolizes the honor and righteousness of her devotion.
Stanza 14
“Remain here, with a vain pretence
Of shielding me from wrong and shame,
Or go and die in his defence
And leave behind a noble name.
Choose what thou wilt,–I urge no more,
My pathway lies before me clear,
I did not know thy mind before,
I know thee now,–and have no fear.”
Explanation: These lines are a continuation of Sita’s speech in the poem “Lakshman” by Toru Dutt. Here, Sita is expressing her resolve and giving Lakshman a choice.
“Remain here, with a vain pretence Of shielding me from wrong and shame,”: Sita tells Lakshman that he can choose to stay with her under the pretense of protecting her from harm and disgrace. She implies that his protection might be in vain.
“Or go and die in his defence And leave behind a noble name.”: Alternatively, Sita suggests that Lakshman could go and defend Rama, even if it means dying in the process. Doing so would leave behind a noble legacy.
“Choose what thou wilt,–I urge no more,”: Sita tells Lakshman to make his own choice. She declares that she will not plead with him any further.
“My pathway lies before me clear,”: Sita asserts that her path is clear to her. This shows her determination and resolve to follow her own path, regardless of Lakshman’s decision.
“I did not know thy mind before, I know thee now,–and have no fear.”: Sita states that she did not understand Lakshman’s mindset before, but she does now. She declares that she has no fear, indicating her newfound understanding and acceptance of the situation.
Overall, these lines highlight Sita’s courage, determination, and acceptance of the situation.
Poetic devices
Antithesis: Antithesis is a specific form of contrast where two opposite ideas are put together in a sentence to achieve a contrasting effect. For Example: “Remain here” versus “go and die” highlights the choice between inaction (and the false sense of security it brings) and action (with its associated risks but also honor).
Stanza 15
She said and proudly from him turned,–
Was this the gentle Sîta? No.
Flames from her eyes shot forth and burned,
The tears therein had ceased to flow.
“Hear me, O Queen, ere I depart,
No longer can I bear thy words,
They lacerate my inmost heart
And torture me, like poisoned swords.
Explanation: These lines are a continuation of the dialogue between Sita and Lakshman in the poem “Lakshman” by Toru Dutt. Here, the conversation takes a dramatic turn as Sita’s words deeply affect Lakshman.
“She said and proudly from him turned,– Was this the gentle Sîta? No.”: After expressing her thoughts and feelings, Sita turns away from Lakshman with pride. The poet questions if this is the gentle Sita they knew, implying a transformation in her character due to the intense situation.
“Flames from her eyes shot forth and burned, The tears therein had ceased to flow.”: Sita’s eyes are described as shooting forth flames, symbolizing her anger and determination. The fact that her tears have ceased to flow suggests that she has moved from a state of despair to one of resolve.
“Hear me, O Queen, ere I depart, No longer can I bear thy words,”: Lakshman addresses Sita as “Queen” and tells her that he can no longer bear her words. This shows that Sita’s accusations have deeply hurt him.
“They lacerate my inmost heart And torture me, like poisoned swords.”: Lakshman expresses that Sita’s words have wounded his heart and are torturing him like poisoned swords. This metaphor effectively conveys the pain and distress he is feeling.
Overall, these lines highlight the emotional intensity of the situation and the deep impact of Sita’s words on Lakshman.
Poetic devices
Metaphor: The phrases “Flames from her eyes shot forth and burned” and “They lacerate my inmost heart And torture me, like poisoned swords” are metaphors. The first metaphor symbolizes Sita’s anger and determination, and the second metaphor symbolizes the emotional pain Lakshman feels at Sita’s words.
Stanza 16
“Have I deserved this at thine hand?
Of lifelong loyalty and truth
Is this the meed? I understand
Thy feelings, Sîta, and in sooth
I blame thee not,–but thou mightst be
Less rash in judgement. Look! I go,
Little I care what comes to me
Wert thou but safe,–God keep thee so!
Explanation: These lines are a continuation of Lakshman’s speech in the poem “Lakshman” by Toru Dutt. Here, Lakshman is expressing his hurt feelings and his resolve to go to Rama’s aid.
“Have I deserved this at thine hand? Of lifelong loyalty and truth Is this the meed?”: Lakshman questions if he deserves Sita’s harsh words and accusations despite his lifelong loyalty and truthfulness. The term “meed” refers to a deserved share or reward, indicating his feeling of injustice.
“I understand Thy feelings, Sîta, and in sooth I blame thee not,–but thou mightst be Less rash in judgement.”: Lakshman shows understanding towards Sita’s feelings and does not blame her. However, he suggests that she could be less rash in her judgement, indicating his belief that her accusations are hasty and unfounded.
“Look! I go, Little I care what comes to me”: Lakshman declares that he is going to Rama’s aid, showing his readiness to face any danger or consequence. This reflects his courage and selflessness.
“Wert thou but safe,–God keep thee so!”: Lakshman expresses his wish for Sita’s safety, showing his concern for her. He prays to God to keep her safe, reflecting his deep care and affection for her.
Overall, these lines highlight Lakshman’s hurt feelings, understanding, courage, and concern for Sita.
Poetic devices
Rhetorical Question: Lakshman uses a rhetorical question (“Have I deserved this at thine hand?”) to express his hurt and disbelief at Sita’s accusations.
Stanza 17
“In going hence I disregard
The plainest orders of my chief,
A deed for me,–a soldier,–hard
And deeply painful, but thy grief
And language, wild and wrong, allow
No other course. Mine be the crime,
And mine alone,–but oh, do thou
Think better of me from this time.
Explanation: These lines are a continuation of Lakshman’s speech in the poem “Lakshman” by Toru Dutt. Here, Lakshman is expressing his inner conflict and decision to go against Rama’s orders for the sake of Sita’s peace of mind.
“In going hence I disregard The plainest orders of my chief,”: Lakshman acknowledges that by leaving to help Rama, he is disregarding Rama’s clear orders to stay and protect Sita. This shows his respect for Rama’s authority but also his willingness to disobey for a greater cause.
“A deed for me,–a soldier,–hard And deeply painful, but thy grief”: Lakshman admits that as a soldier, disobeying orders is a difficult and painful action for him. However, he is more affected by Sita’s grief and distress.
“And language, wild and wrong, allow No other course. Mine be the crime,”: Lakshman states that Sita’s grief-stricken and harsh words leave him no other choice but to go to Rama’s aid. He accepts the responsibility for this disobedience, indicating his readiness to face any consequences.
“And mine alone,–but oh, do thou Think better of me from this time.”: Lakshman asks Sita to think better of him from now on. This reflects his desire for Sita’s understanding and approval.
Overall, these lines highlight Lakshman’s inner conflict, his sense of duty, and his deep concern for Sita’s well-being.
Poetic devices
Enjambment: “In going hence I disregard / The plainest orders of my chief,” The sentence flows seamlessly from the first line to the second without a pause, emphasizing the continuity of thought and action. This technique adds to the urgency and immediacy of the speaker’s confession, as if the words are pouring out in a stream of consciousness.
Stanza 18
“Here with an arrow, lo, I trace
A magic circle ere I leave,
No evil thing within this space
May come to harm thee or to grieve.
Step not, for aught, across the line,
Whatever thou mayst see or hear,
So shalt thou balk the bad design
Of every enemy I fear.
Explanation: These lines are a continuation of Lakshman’s speech in the poem “Lakshman” by Toru Dutt. Here, Lakshman is taking measures to protect Sita before he leaves to go to Rama’s aid.
“Here with an arrow, lo, I trace A magic circle ere I leave,”: Lakshman uses his arrow to draw a magic circle around Sita before he leaves. This magic circle is meant to protect her from any harm.
“No evil thing within this space May come to harm thee or to grieve.”: Lakshman assures Sita that no evil can enter the magic circle and cause her harm or sorrow. This shows his concern for her safety.
“Step not, for aught, across the line, Whatever thou mayst see or hear,”: Lakshman instructs Sita not to step out of the magic circle, no matter what she might see or hear. This is a precaution to ensure her safety.
“So shalt thou balk the bad design Of every enemy I fear.”: Lakshman expresses his hope that by staying within the circle, Sita will be able to thwart the plans of any enemies. This reflects his protective instincts and his fear of potential threats.
Overall, these lines highlight Lakshman’s protective measures, his concern for Sita’s safety, and his readiness to face any danger to protect her.
Poetic devices
Symbolism: Symbolism is the use of symbols to represent ideas or qualities. “A magic circle” The circle symbolizes protection and containment, suggesting that within its bounds, the listener will be safe from harm.
Stanza 19
“And now farewell! What thou hast said,
Though it has broken quite my heart,
So that I wish that I were dead–
I would before, O Queen, we part
Freely forgive, for well I know
That grief and fear have made thee wild,
We part as friends,–is it not so?”
And speaking thus,–he sadly smiled.
Explanation: These lines are a continuation of Lakshman’s speech in the poem “Lakshman” by Toru Dutt. Here, Lakshman is expressing his feelings of hurt and forgiveness before parting from Sita.
“And now farewell! What thou hast said, Though it has broken quite my heart,”: Lakshman bids farewell to Sita, acknowledging that her words have deeply hurt him. This shows his emotional vulnerability.
“So that I wish that I were dead– I would before, O Queen, we part”: Lakshman expresses a wish that he were dead, indicating the depth of his pain. He addresses Sita as “Queen”, showing his respect for her.
“Freely forgive, for well I know That grief and fear have made thee wild,”: Despite his hurt, Lakshman forgives Sita. He understands that her harsh words were driven by her grief and fear. This shows his empathy and understanding.
“We part as friends,–is it not so?”: Lakshman seeks confirmation that they are parting as friends, showing his desire for reconciliation and peace.
“And speaking thus,–he sadly smiled.”: As he speaks these words, Lakshman manages a sad smile. This reflects his mixed emotions of sadness, forgiveness, and acceptance.
Overall, these lines highlight Lakshman’s emotional pain, his capacity for forgiveness, and his desire for peace and reconciliation.
Poetic devices
Alliteration: The repetition of the ‘f’ sound in “Freely forgive, for well I know” adds a rhythmic effect to the verse.
Irony: “So that I wish that I were dead–” The irony lies in the speaker’s statement that they wish for death, suggesting the depth of their despair despite the customary politeness of bidding farewell.
Simile: A simile is a figure of speech that compares two unlike things, usually using the words “like” or “as.” “We part as friends,–is it not so?” The comparison of parting as friends to an unspoken agreement or understanding is a simile that emphasizes the desire for amicable separation despite the circumstances.
Stanza 20
“And oh ye sylvan gods that dwell
Among these dim and sombre shades,
Whose voices in the breezes swell
And blend with noises of cascades,
Watch over Sîta, whom alone
I leave, and keep her safe from harm,
Till we return unto our own,
I and my brother, arm in arm.
Explanation: These lines are a continuation of Lakshman’s speech in the poem “Lakshman” by Toru Dutt. Here, Lakshman is invoking the sylvan gods, or the gods of the woods, to protect Sita while he is away.
“And oh ye sylvan gods that dwell Among these dim and sombre shades,”: Lakshman addresses the sylvan gods that live in the forest. The “dim and sombre shades” refer to the shadowy, mysterious aspects of the forest.
“Whose voices in the breezes swell And blend with noises of cascades,”: Lakshman describes the sounds of the forest as the voices of the sylvan gods. These voices swell in the breezes and blend with the noises of cascades, creating a vivid auditory image of the forest.
“Watch over Sîta, whom alone I leave, and keep her safe from harm,”: Lakshman asks the sylvan gods to watch over Sita and keep her safe from harm. This shows his concern for Sita’s safety and his belief in the protective power of the sylvan gods.
“Till we return unto our own, I and my brother, arm in arm.”: Lakshman expresses his hope to return with his brother, Rama. The phrase “arm in arm” suggests a sense of unity and mutual support.
Overall, these lines highlight Lakshman’s respect for the sylvan gods, his concern for Sita’s safety, and his hope for a safe return with his brother.
Poetic devices
Apostrophe: An apostrophe is a figure of speech where the speaker addresses an absent or imaginary person or entity. “And oh ye sylvan gods that dwell / Among these dim and sombre shades,” The speaker addresses the sylvan gods, calling upon them to watch over Sîta in their absence.
Stanza 21
“For though ill omens round us rise
And frighten her dear heart, I feel
That he is safe. Beneath the skies
His equal is not,–and his heel
Shall tread all adversaries down,
Whoever they may chance to be.–
Farewell, O Sîta! Blessings crown
And Peace for ever rest with thee!”
Explanation: These lines are a continuation of Lakshman’s speech in the poem “Lakshman” by Toru Dutt. Here, Lakshman is expressing his faith in Rama’s safety and his farewell wishes to Sita.
“For though ill omens round us rise And frighten her dear heart, I feel That he is safe.”: Despite the ill omens that are causing fear in Sita’s heart, Lakshman expresses his belief that Rama is safe. This shows his unwavering faith in Rama’s strength and destiny.
“Beneath the skies His equal is not,–and his heel Shall tread all adversaries down,”: Lakshman asserts that there is no one equal to Rama under the sky, and that Rama will defeat all his adversaries. This further emphasizes his belief in Rama’s invincibility.
“Whoever they may chance to be.–”: Lakshman states that it doesn’t matter who Rama’s adversaries might be, implying that Rama’s strength and courage are superior to any enemy.
“Farewell, O Sîta! Blessings crown And Peace for ever rest with thee!”: Lakshman bids farewell to Sita, wishing her blessings and everlasting peace. This reflects his deep affection and concern for Sita.
Overall, these lines highlight Lakshman’s faith in Rama’s safety, his respect for Rama’s strength, and his affectionate farewell to Sita.
Poetic devices
Metaphor: “And his heel / Shall tread all adversaries down,” The metaphor of treading adversaries down with one’s heel suggests the protagonist’s superiority and dominance over any challenges they may face.
Stanza 22
He said, and straight his weapons took
His bow and arrows pointed keen,
Kind,–nay, indulgent,–was his look,
No trace of anger there was seen,
Only a sorrow dark, that seemed
To deepen his resolve to dare
All dangers. Hoarse the vulture screamed,
As out he strode with dauntless air.
Explanation: These lines are a continuation of Lakshman’s actions in the poem “Lakshman” by Toru Dutt. Here, Lakshman is preparing to leave Sita and go to Rama’s aid.
“He said, and straight his weapons took His bow and arrows pointed keen,”: After bidding farewell to Sita, Lakshman immediately takes up his weapons, his bow and sharp arrows. This shows his readiness to face any danger that might come his way.
“Kind,–nay, indulgent,–was his look, No trace of anger there was seen,”: Despite Sita’s harsh words and accusations, Lakshman’s look is described as kind and indulgent, with no trace of anger. This reflects his understanding and forgiveness.
“Only a sorrow dark, that seemed To deepen his resolve to dare All dangers.”: Lakshman feels a deep sorrow, which only strengthens his resolve to dare all dangers. This shows his courage and determination.
“Hoarse the vulture screamed, As out he strode with dauntless air.”: As Lakshman strides out with a fearless demeanor, a vulture screams hoarsely, adding a sense of foreboding to the scene. Despite this ominous sign, Lakshman remains undeterred, reflecting his bravery.
Overall, these lines highlight Lakshman’s readiness to face danger, his understanding and forgiving nature, and his courage in the face of adversity.
Poetic devices
Alliteration: The repetition of the ‘d’ sound in “deepen his resolve to dare All dangers” adds a rhythmic effect to the verse.
Personification: The vulture’s hoarse scream is personified to add to the ominous atmosphere as Lakshman leaves.
Summary
The poem “Lakshman” by Toru Dutt was first published in the collection titled “Ancient Ballads and Legends of Hindustan” by Kegan Paul of London in 1882. This collection was published posthumously, as Toru Dutt passed away in 1877. It features a series of poems inspired by ancient Indian literature and mythology, including the epic Ramayana, from which the poem “Lakshman” is derived. The collection showcases Toru Dutt’s deep appreciation for Indian culture and her skill in bringing these ancient stories to life through her poetry.
The poem “Lakshman” by Toru Dutt is a dramatic narrative set in the context of the Indian epic, Ramayana. The poem is a dialogue between Sita and Lakshman, the wife and brother of the hero Rama, respectively.
The poem begins with Sita hearing a cry for help, which she believes is from her husband Rama. She urges Lakshman to go to Rama’s aid, fearing that he is surrounded by enemies. However, Lakshman hesitates, believing that Rama is invincible and suggesting that the cry could be a trick by their enemies.
Sita is distressed by Lakshman’s hesitation and accuses him of cowardice. She even suggests that he might be in league with their enemies and might be hoping to claim her as his wife after Rama’s death. Despite these harsh accusations, Lakshman remains calm and tries to reassure Sita of Rama’s safety.
However, Sita is not convinced and insists that Lakshman go to Rama’s aid. She declares that she would rather die than live without Rama. Moved by her words, Lakshman decides to disregard Rama’s orders to stay and protect Sita, and leaves to help his brother.
Before leaving, Lakshman draws a magic circle around Sita for her protection and asks her not to step out of it. He also asks the forest gods to protect her. Despite the sorrow and guilt he feels for leaving Sita alone, he departs with a brave and determined air.
The poem ends with a sense of foreboding as a vulture screams in the distance, symbolizing the dangers that lie ahead. Throughout the poem, Toru Dutt masterfully captures the emotional intensity of the situation and the deep bonds of loyalty, duty, and love that bind the characters together. The poem is a powerful exploration of courage, sacrifice, and the human capacity for enduring hardship.
Key Points
Author: The poem “Lakshman” is a part of the Indian epic, Ramayana. The author of the original epic is the sage Valmiki. However, the English rendition of this particular section might have been done by various translators and adaptors over the years.
Form: The poem follows a consistent rhyme scheme of ABABCDCD. This means that in each stanza, the first- and third-lines rhyme, the second- and fourth-lines rhyme, and the fifth to eighth lines rhyme in an alternating pattern.
Speaker: The speakers in the poem are Sita and Lakshman, two key characters from the Ramayana. The poem is a dramatic dialogue between these two characters, with each expressing their emotions and perspectives.
Setting: The setting of the poem is in the Dandaka forest where Sita, Rama, and Lakshman are in exile. The specific event takes place when Rama has gone to hunt a golden deer at Sita’s behest, leaving Sita under Lakshman’s protection.
Theme: The poem explores several themes including duty and dilemma, courage and accusation, protection and trust, and loyalty and suspicion. It captures the moral and emotional dilemmas faced by the characters in a critical situation.
Plot: The plot revolves around Sita’s fear for Rama’s safety when she hears a cry for help. She urges Lakshman to go to Rama’s aid, but Lakshman is torn between his duty to protect Sita and his duty to aid Rama. The tension escalates as Sita accuses Lakshman of cowardice and treachery, leading to a heated exchange. Eventually, Lakshman decides to go to Rama’s aid, but not before drawing a protective circle around Sita and instructing her not to step out of it.
Tone: The tone of the poem is intense and emotional, reflecting the urgency of the situation and the strong emotions of the characters. It shifts between fear, desperation, accusation, defense, and resolution as the dialogue between Sita and Lakshman unfolds.
Style: The poem is written in a dramatic style, with dialogue between the characters driving the narrative. It uses vivid imagery, metaphors, and rhetorical questions to convey the emotions and dilemmas of the characters. The language is formal and poetic, with a consistent rhyme scheme adding a rhythmic quality to the verse.
Message: The message of the poem lies in its exploration of duty, loyalty, and moral dilemma. It highlights the challenges of making decisions in critical situations and the emotional turmoil that can arise from conflicting responsibilities. It also underscores the importance of trust and understanding in relationships.
In conclusion, “Lakshman” is a powerful and emotionally charged poem that captures a critical moment in the Ramayana. Through its vivid imagery, dramatic dialogue, and exploration of complex themes, it offers a deep insight into the characters of Sita and Lakshman and the moral and emotional dilemmas they face.
Toru Dutt
1. Name: Toru Dutt, also known as Tarulatta Dutt.
2. Birth and Death: She was born on March 4, 1856, and died on August 30, 1877.
3. Nationality: She was an Indian Bengali poet and translator from British India.
4. Languages: She wrote in English and French.
5. Contribution to Literature: She is among the founding figures of Indo-Anglian literature.
6. Published Works: She is known for her volumes of poetry in English, “Sita,” “A Sheaf Gleaned in French Fields” (1876), and “Ancient Ballads and Legends of Hindustan” (1882), and for a novel in French, “Le Journal de Mademoiselle d’Arvers” (1879).
7. Themes: Her poems explore themes of loneliness, longing, patriotism, and nostalgia.
8. Early Life and Education: Toru Dutt was born in Calcutta to a well-respected Bengali family. Her father, Govind Chandra Dutt, was known to be of liberal thoughts and worked as a Magistrate in Calcutta. She was educated at home by her father and by an Indian Christian tutor, Babu Shib Chunder Banerjee.
9. Family: Her mother, Kshetramoni Dutt (née Mitter), belonged to the Rambagan Dutt family. Toru was the youngest of three siblings; her sister Aru was two years older to her and she also had a brother Abjie.
10. Travels: In 1869, when Dutt was 13, Dutt’s family left India, making her and her sister some of the first Bengali girls to travel by sea to Europe. The family spent four years living in Europe, one in France and three in England.
11. Death: Dutt died at the age of 21 of tuberculosis.
Word Meaning
| Tough Word | Meaning in English | Meaning in Hindi |
| Stanza 1 | ||
| Hark | Listen | सुनो |
| Hasten | Hurry; move quickly | शीघ्रता करना |
| Succour | Assistance and support in times of hardship and distress | सहायता |
| Thou | You (archaic) | तुम (पुराना रूप) |
| Thee | You (object form, archaic) | तुम्हें (पुराना रूप) |
| Foes | Enemies | शत्रु |
| Wail | A prolonged high-pitched cry of pain, grief, or anger | विलाप |
| Throes | Intense or violent pain and struggle | पीड़ा |
| Stanza 2 | ||
| Gird | Prepare oneself for action | कमर कसना |
| Thy | Your (archaic) | तुम्हारा (पुराना रूप) |
| Heeds | Pays attention to; takes notice of | ध्यान देना |
| Swift | Moving or capable of moving at high speed | तेज |
| Prompt | Done without delay; immediate | शीघ्र |
| Deed | An action that is performed intentionally or consciously | कार्य |
| Rashness | Acting or done without careful consideration of the consequences | लापरवाही |
| Stanza 3 | ||
| Art thou | Are you (archaic) | क्या तुम (पुराना रूप) |
| Wherefore | Why (archaic) | क्यों |
| Impious | Not showing respect or reverence, especially for a god | अपवित्र |
| Stanza 4 | ||
| Thyself | Yourself (archaic) | स्वयं |
| Videhan Queen | Queen of Videha (a reference to Sita, who was the princess of Videha) | विदेह की रानी |
| Prowess | Skill or expertise in a particular activity or field | वीरता |
| Dastard | A dishonorable or despicable person | कायर |
| Demonian birth | Of demonic origin | राक्षसी जन्म |
| Mighty | Possessing great and impressive power or strength | शक्तिशाली |
| Stanza 5 | ||
| Grisly bear | A frightening bear | डरावना भालू |
| Cower | Crouch down in fear | सहम जाना |
| Brook | To tolerate or allow | सहन करना |
| Tread | To walk | चलना |
| Coverts | Thickets providing cover for game animals | गुप्त स्थान |
| Glide | Move smoothly and effortlessly | फिसलना |
| Bowed | Bent downward | झुका हुआ |
| Hooded pride | Pride that is hidden or concealed | छुपा हुआ गर्व |
| Stanza 6 | ||
| Slink | Move smoothly and quietly with gliding steps | दबे पांव चलना |
| Remotest coasts | The farthest edges or limits | दूरस्थ तट |
| Foes | Enemies | शत्रु |
| Banish for aye | Banish forever | हमेशा के लिए निर्वासित करना |
| Stanza 7 | ||
| Canst thou | Can you (archaic) | क्या तुम (पुराना रूप) |
| Shriek | A high-pitched piercing cry or sound | चीख |
| Respite | A short period of rest or relief from something difficult or unpleasant | राहत |
| Reprieve | A temporary escape from an undesirable fate or unpleasant situation | स्थगन |
| Delusive | Giving a false or misleading impression | भ्रामक |
| Foe | Enemy | शत्रु |
| Beseech | Ask someone urgently and fervently to do something | विनती करना |
| Stanza 8 | ||
| Thee | You (archaic) | तुम्हें (पुराना रूप) |
| Twas | It was (archaic) | यह था |
| Scattered | Thrown in various random directions | बिखरा हुआ |
| Giants lurk | Giants are hiding | दैत्य छिपे हुए हैं |
| Vengeance brood | To ponder or dwell on thoughts of revenge | प्रतिशोध का विचार करना |
| Stanza 9 | ||
| Weal | Well-being, prosperity | कल्याण |
| Lingering | Lasting for a long time or slow to end | लंबे समय तक बना रहना |
| Battle-fray | The heat and confusion of battle | युद्ध की उलझन |
| Death-fraught arrows | Arrows carrying the potential to cause death | मृत्यु लाने वाले तीर |
| Stanza 10 | ||
| Dazzles | Shines brightly | चकाचौंध करना |
| Reft | Deprived of | वंचित |
| Radiance | Light or heat as emitted or reflected by something | चमक |
| Vapours dun | Dark, misty vapors | धुंधले वाष्प |
| Loth | Reluctant; unwilling | अनिच्छुक |
| Wouldst | Would (archaic) | चाहोगे (पुराना रूप) |
| Stanza 11 | ||
| Perishes | Dies | मर जाता है |
| Henceforth | From this time on | अब से |
| Deep imbedded lie | Lie buried deeply | गहरे में दफन |
| Shudder | Tremble convulsively | कांपना |
| Abhor | Regard with disgust and hatred | घृणा करना |
| Stanza 12 | ||
| Ignoble | Not honorable in character or purpose | नीच |
| Banishment | The punishment of being sent away from a country or other place | निर्वासन |
| Rejoice | Feel or show great joy or delight | आनंदित होना |
| Ere | Before (archaic) | पहले |
| Heardst | Heard (archaic) | सुना (पुराना रूप) |
| Shouldst | Should (archaic) | करना चाहिए (पुराना रूप) |
| Trow | Believe (archaic) | विश्वास करना |
| Stanza 13 | ||
| Wilt | Will (archaic) | करेगा (पुराना रूप) |
| Treachery | Betrayal of trust | विश्वासघात |
| Stanza 14 | ||
| Vain | Pointless / Useless | व्यर्थ |
| Pretence | An attempt to make something that is not the case appear true | बहाना / दिखावा |
| Stanza 15 | ||
| Lacerate | Tear or make deep cuts in | घायल करना |
| Stanza 16 | ||
| Thine | Yours (archaic) | तुम्हारा (पुराना रूप) |
| Meed | A deserved share or reward | पुरस्कार |
| Sooth | Truth (archaic) | सत्य |
| Wert | Were (archaic) | थे (पुराना रूप) |
| Stanza 17 | ||
| Plainest orders | Clearest orders | स्पष्ट आदेश |
| Deed | An action that is performed intentionally or consciously | कार्य |
| Grief | Deep sorrow, especially caused by someone’s death | दुःख |
| Stanza 18 | ||
| Grieve | Suffer grief | शोक करना |
| Aught | Anything (archaic) | कुछ (पुराना रूप) |
| Shalt | Shall (archaic) | करेगा (पुराना रूप) |
| Balk | Thwart or hinder | रोकना |
| Stanza 19 | ||
| Thou hast | You have (archaic) | तुम्हारे पास है (पुराना रूप) |
| Stanza 20 | ||
| Sylvan gods | Gods of the forest | वन के देवता |
| Dwell | Live or reside | निवास करना |
| Dim and sombre | Dark and gloomy | धुंधला और उदास |
| Swell | Increase in size or volume | बढ़ना |
| Cascades | Small waterfalls | झरने |
| Unto | To (archaic) | के लिए (पुराना रूप) |
| Stanza 21 | ||
| Ill omens | Bad signs indicating future trouble | अशुभ संकेत |
| Tread | Walk or step | चलना |
| Adversaries | Enemies | प्रतिद्वंद्वी |
| Stanza 22 | ||
| Nay | No (archaic) | नहीं (पुराना रूप) |
| Indulgent | Having a tendency to be overly generous to or lenient with someone | उदार |
| Hoarse | Rough or harsh in sound | भारी आवाज |
| Vulture | A bird of prey | गिद्ध |
| Strode | Walked with long, decisive steps | लंबे कदमों से चलना |
| Dauntless | Showing fearlessness and determination | निडर |
Very Short Answer Questions
Q: Who are the main characters in the poem?
A: The main characters are Sita and Lakshman.
Q: What is the setting of the poem?
A: The setting is the Dandaka forest during the exile of Sita, Rama, and Lakshman.
Q: What triggers the dialogue between Sita and Lakshman?
A: Sita hears a cry for help which she believes is Rama’s, triggering the dialogue.
Q: What does Sita urge Lakshman to do?
A: Sita urges Lakshman to go to Rama’s aid.
Q: Why is Lakshman reluctant to leave Sita?
A: Lakshman is reluctant because he was instructed by Rama to protect Sita.
Q: How does Sita react to Lakshman’s reluctance?
A: Sita reacts with disappointment and suspicion, accusing Lakshman of cowardice and treachery.
Q: What does Lakshman do before he leaves Sita?
A: Lakshman draws a protective circle around Sita with his arrow.
Q: What is the significance of the protective circle?
A: The circle is meant to keep Sita safe from harm.
Q: What does Sita accuse Lakshman of desiring?
A: Sita accuses Lakshman of desiring to take Rama’s wife (herself) and his kingdom.
Q: How does Lakshman respond to Sita’s accusations?
A: Lakshman responds with hurt but also understanding and forgiveness.
Q: What does Lakshman assure Sita of before he leaves?
A: Lakshman assures Sita of Rama’s invincibility and her own safety.
Q: What does Sita declare about her love for Rama?
A: Sita declares that she will not survive without Rama.
Q: What does Lakshman use to draw the protective circle?
A: Lakshman uses an arrow to draw the protective circle.
Q: What does Lakshman ask Sita not to do while he is away?
A: Lakshman asks Sita not to step out of the protective circle.
Q: What does Sita suggest about Lakshman’s courage?
A: Sita suggests that Lakshman’s courage fades without Rama’s presence.
Q: How does Lakshman describe Rama’s strength?
A: Lakshman describes Rama as unequalled under the skies, capable of treading down all adversaries.
Q: What does Sita resolve to do if Rama is in danger?
A: Sita resolves to follow Rama, even if it means facing death.
Q: How does Lakshman bid farewell to Sita?
A: Lakshman bids farewell with a prayer for Sita’s safety and everlasting peace.
Q: What does Lakshman call upon for Sita’s safety?
A: Lakshman calls upon the sylvan gods to watch over Sita.
Q: What is the tone of the poem?
A: The tone is intense and emotional, reflecting the urgency of the situation and the strong emotions of the characters.
Q: What is the form of the poem?
A: The poem follows a consistent rhyme scheme of ABABCDCD.
Q: Who is the speaker in the poem?
A: The speakers in the poem are Sita and Lakshman.
Q: What is the theme of the poem?
A: The poem explores themes of duty, loyalty, moral dilemma, and trust.
Q: What style is the poem written in?
A: The poem is written in a dramatic style with dialogue between the characters.
Q: What is the message of the poem?
A: The message lies in its exploration of duty, loyalty, and moral dilemma, highlighting the challenges of making decisions in critical situations.
Q: What does Sita accuse Lakshman of being?
A: Sita accuses Lakshman of being a coward and a traitor.
Q: How does Lakshman defend himself against Sita’s accusations?
A: Lakshman defends himself by asserting his duty to protect Sita and his faith in Rama’s strength.
Q: What does Sita decide when Lakshman refuses to leave?
A: Sita decides that she must go alone to help Rama.
Q: What does Lakshman wish for Sita before he leaves?
A: Lakshman wishes for Sita’s safety and everlasting peace.
Q: How does the poem end?
A: The poem ends with Lakshman leaving to aid Rama, after ensuring Sita’s safety and bidding her farewell.
Short Answer Questions
Q: What is the central conflict in the poem “Lakshman”?
A: The central conflict in the poem is between Sita’s fear for Rama’s safety and Lakshman’s duty to protect Sita. This conflict is expressed through their dialogue, with Sita urging Lakshman to go to Rama’s aid and Lakshman torn between his duty to protect Sita and his duty to aid Rama.
Q: How does the poem “Lakshman” explore the theme of duty and dilemma?
A: The poem explores the theme of duty and dilemma through the character of Lakshman, who is torn between his duty to protect Sita, as instructed by Rama, and his duty to aid Rama, who Sita believes is in danger. This moral dilemma forms the central conflict of the poem.
Q: What is the significance of the protective circle that Lakshman draws around Sita in the poem “Lakshman”?
A: The protective circle that Lakshman draws around Sita symbolizes his duty to protect her and also the trust that should exist between them. It serves as a physical boundary that Sita is instructed not to cross, ensuring her safety in Lakshman’s absence.
Q: How does the poem “Lakshman” portray the character of Sita?
A: The poem portrays Sita as a deeply concerned and loving wife who is fearful for her husband Rama’s safety. Her desperation leads her to question Lakshman’s loyalty and courage. Despite her fear, she shows determination and resolve, indicating her strong character.
Q: How does the poem “Lakshman” portray the character of Lakshman?
A: Lakshman is portrayed as a loyal and dutiful brother who is torn between his duty to protect Sita and his duty to aid Rama. Despite Sita’s harsh accusations, he maintains his composure, showing understanding and forgiveness. His decision to go to Rama’s aid, despite the risk, highlights his bravery.
Q: What is the tone of the poem “Lakshman”?
A: The tone of the poem is intense and emotional, reflecting the urgency of the situation and the strong emotions of the characters. It shifts between fear, desperation, accusation, defense, and resolution as the dialogue between Sita and Lakshman unfolds.
Q: How does the poem “Lakshman” use imagery to convey the emotions and dilemmas of the characters?
A: The poem uses vivid imagery to depict the emotional intensity of the situation and the dilemmas faced by the characters. For example, Sita’s fear and desperation are conveyed through images like “That cry,–that cry,–it seems to ring Still in my ears”, while Lakshman’s dilemma is depicted through images like “Here with an arrow, lo, I trace A magic circle ere I leave”.
Q: What is the message of the poem “Lakshman”?
A: The message of the poem lies in its exploration of duty, loyalty, and moral dilemma. It highlights the challenges of making decisions in critical situations and the emotional turmoil that can arise from conflicting responsibilities. It also underscores the importance of trust and understanding in relationships.
Q: How does the poem “Lakshman” use rhetorical questions to express the characters’ emotions and perspectives?
A: The poem uses rhetorical questions to express the characters’ emotions and perspectives. For example, Sita uses rhetorical questions to express her disbelief and disappointment in Lakshman’s actions, while Lakshman uses rhetorical questions to express his hurt and disbelief at Sita’s accusations.
Q: How does the poem “Lakshman” use metaphors to convey its themes and messages?
A: The poem uses metaphors to convey its themes and messages. For example, the protective circle that Lakshman draws around Sita is a metaphor for the boundaries of duty and trust, while the animals and supernatural beings that fear Rama are metaphors for powerful enemies that acknowledge Rama’s might.
Q: How does the poem “Lakshman” depict the relationship between Sita and Lakshman?
A: The poem depicts a complex relationship between Sita and Lakshman. While they care for each other, their relationship is strained by the situation they find themselves in. Sita’s fear for Rama’s safety and Lakshman’s duty to protect Sita lead to a heated exchange, revealing underlying tensions and testing their bond.
Q: How does the poem “Lakshman” use exclamation marks to convey the intensity of the characters’ emotions?
A: The poem uses exclamation marks to convey the intensity of the characters’ emotions. These punctuation marks are used to express strong feelings or a high volume (shouting), and they add emphasis to the characters’ dialogue, highlighting the urgency and emotional intensity of the situation.
Q: How does the poem “Lakshman” depict the character of Rama through the perspectives of Sita and Lakshman?
A: The poem depicts Rama as a heroic and invincible figure through the perspectives of Sita and Lakshman. Sita’s fear for his safety underscores his importance to her, while Lakshman’s unwavering faith in Rama’s strength and valor highlights Rama’s heroic qualities.
Q: How does the poem “Lakshman” use dialogue to drive the narrative?
A: The poem uses dialogue between Sita and Lakshman to drive the narrative. Their exchange of words reveals their emotions, perspectives, and dilemmas, and it propels the action of the poem, leading to Lakshman’s decision to go to Rama’s aid.
Q: Is Lakshman by Toru Dutt a dramatic monologue or narrative ballad?
A: Lakshman by Toru Dutt is classified as a narrative ballad. Here’s why:
Storytelling: The poem tells a story from the Ramayana, focusing on Lakshmana’s loyalty and the events surrounding the golden deer. It narrates the sequence of events and the characters’ actions.
Structure: The poem follows a ballad structure with stanzas of eight lines (octaves) and a consistent rhyme scheme. This structure is typical of ballads, which often tell folktales or historical narratives in a simple, singable format.
Multiple Characters: The poem features dialogue and interaction between characters like Sita and Lakshman, not just internal thoughts of a single character.
While the poem does evoke emotions and internal struggles, it prioritizes telling a story with a clear beginning, middle, and end. This focus on narrative aligns it more with a ballad than a dramatic monologue.
Essay Type Questions
Write the critical appreciation of the poem.
Introduction: “Lakshman” is a narrative ballad from the Indian epic, Ramayana. The poem captures a critical moment when Sita urges Lakshman to go and help Rama, who she believes is in danger. The poem is rich in emotional intensity and moral dilemmas. The dialogue between Sita and Lakshman forms the crux of the poem, revealing their characters and the tension of the situation.
Central Idea: The central idea of the poem revolves around the conflict of duty and the emotional turmoil it can cause. Lakshman is torn between his duty to protect Sita and his duty to aid Rama. This conflict forms the crux of the poem, highlighting the challenges of making decisions in critical situations. The poem explores the idea of duty, loyalty, and the moral complexities that arise when these duties conflict.
Structure & Rhyme Scheme: The poem follows a consistent rhyme scheme of ABABCDCD. This means that in each stanza, the first- and third-lines rhyme, the second- and fourth-lines rhyme, and the fifth to eighth lines rhyme in an alternating pattern. The consistent rhyme scheme adds a rhythmic quality to the verse and enhances the poetic quality of the dialogue. The structure of the poem, with its alternating lines of dialogue, helps to create a sense of conversation and conflict.
Theme: The poem “Lakshman” from the Indian epic Ramayana explores several profound themes that delve into the complexities of human emotions, moral dilemmas, and the essence of duty and loyalty. Here’s a detailed exploration of the themes:
1. Duty and Dilemma: The central theme of the poem is the conflict between duty and personal emotions. Lakshman is torn between his duty to protect Sita, as instructed by Rama, and his duty to aid Rama, who Sita believes is in danger. This moral dilemma forms the crux of the poem, highlighting the challenges of making decisions in critical situations. Lakshman’s ultimate decision to go to Rama’s aid, despite the risk to Sita, underscores the importance he places on his duty.
2. Courage and Accusation: The theme of courage is explored through Sita’s accusations against Lakshman. She questions his bravery and accuses him of cowardice for not rushing to Rama’s aid. This brings to light the expectations placed on heroes and the harsh judgments they can face when their actions are perceived as lacking in courage. Lakshman’s defence and his eventual decision to go to Rama’s aid demonstrate his true courage.
3. Protection and Trust: The protective circle that Lakshman draws around Sita symbolizes his duty to protect her and also the trust that should exist between them. It serves as a physical boundary that Sita is instructed not to cross, ensuring her safety in Lakshman’s absence. However, Sita’s accusations against Lakshman reveal a breach of trust, highlighting the fragile nature of relationships under strain.
4. Loyalty and Suspicion: Sita’s accusations against Lakshman bring forth the theme of loyalty and suspicion. She questions Lakshman’s loyalty to Rama and suspects him of harbouring ulterior motives. This suspicion strains their relationship and reveals the darker side of fear and uncertainty. Lakshman’s hurt and disappointment at these accusations underscore his loyalty to both Rama and Sita.
5. Love and Sacrifice: Sita’s deep love for Rama and her willingness to risk her own safety for his sake is a recurring theme in the poem. Her desperation and fear for Rama’s safety drive her to confront Lakshman and even accuse him of treachery. Her declaration that she will not survive without Rama underscores the depth of her love and her readiness to sacrifice herself.
6. Faith and Reassurance: Despite Sita’s fears and accusations, Lakshman maintains his faith in Rama’s strength and tries to reassure Sita. His unwavering belief in Rama’s invincibility and his attempts to calm Sita reveal his deep faith and his role as a pillar of support.
Style: The poem is written in a dramatic style, with dialogue between the characters driving the narrative. It uses vivid imagery, metaphors, and rhetorical questions to convey the emotions and dilemmas of the characters. The language is formal and poetic, with a consistent rhyme scheme adding a rhythmic quality to the verse. The use of direct speech and the dramatic style of the poem serve to heighten the emotional intensity and bring the characters and their conflicts to life.
Poetic Devices: The poem employs various poetic devices such as imagery, metaphor, apostrophe, alliteration, and repetition. Imagery is used to depict the emotional intensity of the situation and the dilemmas faced by the characters. Metaphors are used to convey the themes and messages of the poem. Apostrophe is used when the characters address each other directly. Alliteration and repetition add a rhythmic quality to the verse. These devices work together to create a vivid and emotionally charged depiction of the situation and the characters’ responses to it.
Message: The message of the poem lies in its exploration of duty, loyalty, and moral dilemma. It highlights the challenges of making decisions in critical situations and the emotional turmoil that can arise from conflicting responsibilities. It also underscores the importance of trust and understanding in relationships. The poem serves as a reminder of the complexities of duty and the emotional cost it can entail. It suggests that loyalty and duty, while noble, can also lead to conflict and misunderstanding.
Conclusion: In conclusion, “Lakshman” is a powerful and emotionally charged poem that captures a critical moment in the epic Ramayana. Through its vivid imagery, dramatic dialogue, and exploration of complex themes, it offers a deep insight into the characters of Sita and Lakshman and the moral and emotional dilemmas they face. It serves as a timeless exploration of human nature and relationships, leaving a lasting impression on the reader. The poem’s exploration of duty, loyalty, and moral dilemma resonates with readers, making it a compelling piece of literature.
