Fearlessness by MK Gandhi | Fearlessness | MK Gandhi | Mahatma Gandhi | Summary | Key Points | Word Meaning | Questions Answers | Critical Appreciation | Free PDF Download – Easy Literary Lesson
Fearlessness
(MK Gandhi)
Every reader of the Gita knows, that fearlessness heads the list of the Divine Attributes enumerated in the 16th chapter. Whether this is merely due to the exigencies of metre, or whether the pride of place has been deliberately yielded to fearlessness, is more than I can say. In my opinion, however, fearlessness richly deserves the first rank assigned to it. For it is indispensable for the growth of the other noble qualities. How can one seek Truth, or cherish Love, without fearlessness ? As Pritam says, ‘the path of Hari (the Lord) is the path of the brave, not of cowards.’ Hari here means Truth, and the brave are those armed with fearlessness, not with the sword, the rifle and the like. These are taken up only by those who are possessed by fear.
Fearlessness connotes freedom from all external fear, fear of disease, bodily injury, and death, of dispossession, of losing one’s nearest and dearest, of losing reputation or giving offence, and so on. One who overcomes the fear of death does not surmount all other fears, as is commonly but erroneously supposed. Some of us do not fear death, but flee from the minor ills of life. Some are ready to die themselves, but cannot bear their loved ones being taken away from them. Some misers will put up with all this, will part even with their lives, but not their property; others will do any number of black deeds in order to uphold their supposed prestige. Some will swerve from the strait and narrow path, which lies clear before them, simply because they are afraid of incurring the world’s odium. The seeker after Truth must conquer all these fears. He should be ready to sacrifice his all in the quest of Truth, even as Harishchandra did. The story of Harishchandra may be only a parable; but every seeker will bear witness to its truth from his personal experience, and therefore that story is as precious as any historical fact.
Perfect fearlessness can be attained only by him who has realized the Supreme, as it implies freedom from delusions. One can always progress towards this goal by determined and constant endeavour, and by cultivating self-confidence.
As I have stated at the very outset, we must give up all external fears. But the internal foes we must always fear. We are rightly afraid of animal passion, anger, and the like. External fears cease of their own accord, when once we have conquered these traitors within the camp. All such fears revolve round the body as the centre, and will therefore disappear, as soon as we get rid of attachment for the body. We thus find, that all external fear is the baseless fabric of our own vision. Fear has no place in our hearts, when we have shaken off attachment for wealth, for family and for the body. ‘Enjoy* the things of the earth by renouncing them’ is a noble precept. Wealth, family and body will be there, just the same; we have only to change our attitude towards them. All these are not ours, but God’s. Nothing whatever in this world is ours. Even we ourselves are His. Why then should we entertain any fears ? The Upanishad therefore directs us ‘to give up attachment for things, while we enjoy them.’ That is to say, we must be interested in them, not as proprietors, but only as trustees. He, on whose behalf we hold them, will give us the strength and the weapons requisite for defending them against all usurpers. When we thus cease to be masters, and reduce ourselves to the rank of servants, humbler than the very dust under our feet, all fears will roll away like mists; we shall attain ineffable peace, and see Satyanarayan (the God of Truth) face to face.
Summary
The essay highlights the importance of fearlessness, which is considered the most important quality in the Gita’s 16th chapter. This may be because fearlessness is essential for developing other virtues like truth and love. True bravery comes from fearlessness, not from weapons, which are used by those who are afraid.
Fearlessness means not being afraid of things like disease, injury, death, losing possessions, losing loved ones, or damaging one’s reputation. It’s not enough to just overcome the fear of death; one must also face the smaller fears in life. Some people can face death but struggle with losing loved ones or possessions. Others might do wrong things to maintain their social standing. To seek Truth, one must overcome all these fears and be ready to sacrifice everything, much like the story of Harishchandra, which, whether true or not, holds deep meaning for those on this quest.
Perfect fearlessness can only be achieved by those who have realized the Supreme Being, as it involves being free from delusions. This requires constant effort and self-confidence. To be fearless, one must first overcome internal fears like passion and anger. External fears are tied to attachment to the body, and once this attachment is overcome, those fears disappear. External fears are illusions that vanish when we let go of our attachment to wealth, family, and the body. The Upanishads teach that we should enjoy worldly things without being attached to them, seeing everything as God’s, not ours. By being trustees rather than owners, we can handle our responsibilities without fear.
When we let go of ownership and embrace humility, all fears fade away, leading to deep peace and a clear vision of the divine. The essay concludes that fearlessness is more than just not being afraid; it’s a profound spiritual state reached through detachment, humility, and understanding our true relationship with the divine.
Publication History
The essay “Fearlessness” is a piece written by Mahatma Gandhi, originally published in his journal “Young India.” Here’s an overview of its publication
Young India: Gandhi first published the essay “Fearlessness” in his journal “Young India” on December 4, 1924. “Young India” was a weekly journal that Gandhi used as a platform to communicate his ideas on non-violence, civil rights, and various social and political issues.
Collected Works of Mahatma Gandhi:
The essay “Fearlessness” has been included in the “Collected Works of Mahatma Gandhi” (CWMG), a comprehensive collection of Gandhi’s writings, speeches, and letters. This monumental series was compiled by the Government of India and is available in several volumes. The CWMG provides a reliable source for researchers and readers interested in Gandhi’s thoughts and writings.
Key Points
Author: Mahatma Gandhi
The essay on fearlessness is attributed to Mahatma Gandhi, the revered leader of India’s freedom struggle. Gandhi, also known as Bapu, was not only a political leader but also a spiritual seeker, social reformer, and advocate of nonviolent resistance. His teachings and actions continue to inspire generations worldwide.
Introduction
The essay begins by acknowledging that fearlessness holds a significant place in the Bhagavad Gita, a revered Hindu scripture. It is listed as a divine attribute in the 16th chapter. Whether this prominence is due to poetic considerations or a deliberate choice remains a matter of interpretation.
Structure
The essay likely follows a straightforward structure, addressing fearlessness from different angles:
Definition of Fearlessness:
Fearlessness is not merely the absence of fear; it is a state of inner strength and courage.
External fears—such as fear of disease, death, loss, and other worldly concerns—are discussed.
The essay may emphasize that fearlessness is not reckless abandon but a grounded resolve.
Internal and External Foes:
While external fears can be conquered, internal foes persist. These include negative emotions like anger, passion, and attachment.
Fearlessness arises when we detach from material possessions. Wealth, family, and the body are not truly ours; they belong to God. By becoming trustees rather than proprietors, we find peace.
Trust in divine protection becomes essential.
Detachment and Trust:
The concept of detachment from material objects is explored. We must recognize that everything belongs to God, and we are mere custodians.
Fearlessness allows us to rise above transient concerns and face life’s challenges with equanimity.
Trusting in divine providence becomes our shield against fear.
Setting
The context of the essay is rooted in the Bhagavad Gita, a sacred dialogue between Lord Krishna and the warrior prince Arjuna on the battlefield of Kurukshetra. Fearlessness is discussed within this spiritual context, where Arjuna grapples with his duty and fears.
Theme
The central theme is fearlessness as a spiritual quality. It transcends mundane fears and connects us to higher truths. The essay likely emphasizes that fearlessness is essential for seeking truth, embracing love, and realizing the divine within.
Style
Gandhi’s writing style is simple, direct, and infused with spiritual wisdom. Expect clarity, practical insights, and a call to action. His words resonate with sincerity and conviction, reflecting his commitment to truth and nonviolence.
Message
The essay’s message is clear: Fearlessness is indispensable for spiritual growth. By overcoming external fears, conquering internal foes, and trusting in divine providence, we attain peace and face Truth directly. It is not bravado but alignment with the eternal that defines fearlessness.
MK Gandhi
Early Life
Full Name: Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi
Birth: October 2, 1869, in Porbandar, Gujarat, India
Parents: Karamchand Gandhi (father), Putlibai Gandhi (mother)
Education: Studied law in London at University College London
Influence and Early Activism
South Africa:
Practiced law in South Africa from 1893 to 1914.
Faced racial discrimination and fought for the rights of the Indian community.
Developed the concept of Satyagraha (truth and non-violence) during his time in South Africa.
Return to India:
Returned to India in 1915.
Initial Activities:
Worked on social reforms, including the removal of untouchability, and promoted spinning as a means of self-reliance.
Leadership in Indian Independence Movement
Non-Cooperation Movement (1920-22):
Called for Indians to withdraw from British institutions and practices.
Boycotted British goods and promoted the use of Khadi (hand-spun cloth).
Salt March (1930):
Led a 240-mile march to the Arabian Sea to produce salt, defying British laws.
Sparked widespread civil disobedience against British rule.
Civil Disobedience Movement (1930-34):
Continued to promote non-violent resistance against British policies.
Encouraged Indians to refuse to pay taxes and to break unjust laws.
Social Reforms
Untouchability:
Advocated for the abolition of untouchability.
Called the untouchables “Harijans” or “Children of God.”
Worked towards their inclusion in society and equal rights.
Education and Self-Reliance:
Promoted basic education for all.
Encouraged self-reliance through the use of indigenous goods and self-sufficiency in villages.
Philosophy and Beliefs
Satyagraha:
Non-violent resistance to tyranny through civil disobedience.
Based on the principle of truth and moral integrity.
Ahimsa:
Principle of non-violence in thought, word, and deed.
Believed that non-violence is the highest duty and virtue.
Sarvodaya:
Welfare of all.
Belief in the upliftment of all sections of society, especially the poor and marginalized.
Key Events
Quit India Movement (1942):
Called for immediate independence from British rule.
Led to mass protests and arrests of Indian leaders, including Gandhi.
Partition of India (1947):
Opposed the partition of India into India and Pakistan.
Worked to reduce communal violence between Hindus and Muslims.
Assassination
Death: January 30, 1948
Assassinated By: Nathuram Godse, who disagreed with Gandhi’s philosophy.
Legacy
Global Influence:
Inspired global leaders and movements for civil rights and freedom, including Martin Luther King Jr., Nelson Mandela, and the American civil rights movement.
His principles of non-violence and truth continue to be relevant in social and political struggles worldwide.
Institutions and Memorials:
Numerous institutions, universities, and awards established in his honor.
Mahatma Gandhi International Award for Peace and Reconciliation.
Memorials in India and around the world, including Raj Ghat in New Delhi.
Writings
Autobiography:
“The Story of My Experiments with Truth.”
Other Works:
Writings on various topics, including non-violence, civil disobedience, and social issues. Published articles in journals like “Harijan” and “Young India.”
Quotes
Famous Quotes:
“Be the change that you wish to see in the world.”
“The best way to find yourself is to lose yourself in the service of others.”
“An eye for an eye makes the whole world blind.”
Commemoration
Gandhi Jayanti: October 2, his birthday, is celebrated as a national holiday in India and is also observed as the International Day of Non-Violence by the United Nations.
Word Meaning
| Tough Word | Meaning in English | Meaning in Hindi |
| Fearlessness | The quality of having no fear | निर्भयता |
| Exigencies of metre | Necessities related to the rhythmic structure | छंद की आवश्यकताएँ |
| Deliberately | Intentionally | जान-बूझकर |
| Indispensable | Absolutely necessary | अनिवार्य |
| Cherish | To hold dear | संजोना |
| Connotes | Implies or suggests | अर्थ संकेत करना |
| Dispossession | Deprivation of possession | बेदखली |
| Surmount | To overcome | पार पाना |
| Erroneously | Incorrectly | ग़लती से |
| Flee | To run away | भागना |
| Misers | People who hoard wealth and spend as little as possible | कंजूस |
| Black deeds | Immoral or illegal actions | बुरे काम |
| Uphold | To maintain or support | समर्थन करना |
| Swerve | To deviate or change direction | मुड़ना |
| Incurring | Bringing upon oneself | सामना करना |
| World’s odium | General or widespread hatred or disapproval | दुनिया की निंदा |
| Conquer | To overcome or take control of | जीतना |
| Quest | A long or arduous search for something | खोज |
| Parable | A simple story used to illustrate a moral or spiritual lesson | दृष्टांत |
| Supreme | Highest in rank or authority | सर्वोच्च |
| Delusions | False beliefs or opinions | भ्रांतियाँ |
| Endeavour | To try hard to achieve something | प्रयास करना |
| Cultivating | Developing or improving | विकसित करना |
| Outset | The beginning | आरंभ |
| Foes | Enemies | शत्रु |
| Own accord | By one’s own choice | अपनी इच्छा से |
| Traitors | People who betray trust | गद्दार |
| Renouncing | Giving up or rejecting | त्याग करना |
| Noble precept | A moral principle or rule | महान सिद्धांत |
| Upanishad | Ancient Indian philosophical texts | उपनिषद् |
| Proprietors | Owners | मालिक |
| Trustees | People who hold responsibility for others | न्यासी |
| Usurpers | Those who take power or property by force | हड़पने वाले |
| Mists | Something that obscures or blurs | धुंध |
| Ineffable | Too great to be expressed in words | अवर्णनीय |
Very Short Answer Questions
What is the first divine attribute listed in the 16th chapter of the Gita?
Fearlessness.
What does fearlessness enable according to the essay?
It enables the growth of other noble qualities.
What is required to seek Truth or cherish Love?
Fearlessness.
What do those who are possessed by fear take up?
Swords, rifles, and the like.
What does fearlessness connotate freedom from?
All external fears, including disease, injury, death, and dispossession.
What does the essay say about people who do not fear death but flee from minor ills?
They do not possess true fearlessness.
What must a seeker after Truth be ready to sacrifice?
His all, even his life.
Who does the essay mention as an example of a seeker after Truth?
Harishchandra.
What does perfect fearlessness imply freedom from?
Delusions.
How can one progress towards achieving fearlessness?
By determined and constant endeavor and cultivating self-confidence.
What internal foes must we always fear?
Animal passion, anger, and the like.
What revolves around the body as the center, according to the essay?
All external fears.
What happens to external fears once we conquer internal traitors?
They cease of their own accord.
What noble precept does the essay mention regarding enjoyment and renunciation?
“Enjoy the things of the earth by renouncing them.”
What is the essay’s perspective on wealth, family, and body?
They are not ours but God’s.
How should we view ourselves in relation to wealth, family, and body?
As trustees, not proprietors.
What will give us the strength and weapons to defend against usurpers?
He, on whose behalf we hold these things.
What should we reduce ourselves to in order to achieve fearlessness?
To the rank of servants, humbler than the dust under our feet.
What will roll away like mists when we achieve fearlessness?
All fears.
What will we see face to face when we attain ineffable peace through fearlessness?
Satyanarayan (the God of Truth).
Short Answer Questions
Why is fearlessness considered the foremost quality in the Gita’s 16th chapter?
Fearlessness is considered the foremost quality in the Gita’s 16th chapter because it is the foundation for developing other noble qualities like truth and love. Without fearlessness, one cannot fully pursue truth or express genuine love. It is essential for spiritual and personal growth, enabling individuals to face challenges and sacrifices required in the quest for truth. This virtue underpins the strength needed to overcome various external and internal fears.
How does Gandhi define true bravery in the context of fearlessness?
Gandhi defines true bravery as being rooted in fearlessness rather than physical strength or the use of weapons. True bravery involves facing life’s challenges without fear of disease, injury, death, or loss of possessions and loved ones. It is about maintaining integrity and principles even when faced with adversity. For Gandhi, true bravery is exemplified by a person’s commitment to truth and non-violence, regardless of the consequences.
What is the difference between internal and external fears according to the essay?
Internal fears are related to one’s emotions and desires, such as passion, anger, and attachment, which must be feared and conquered. External fears include fears of disease, injury, death, and losing possessions or loved ones. External fears are tied to physical existence and material attachments, while internal fears arise from within and affect one’s moral and spiritual well-being. Conquering internal fears leads to the dissolution of external fears.
Why is overcoming the fear of death alone insufficient according to the essay?
Overcoming the fear of death alone is insufficient because one must also face and conquer the smaller, more immediate fears in life. These include fears of losing loved ones, possessions, reputation, and facing everyday challenges. True fearlessness involves a comprehensive approach to all fears, not just the ultimate fear of death. It’s about living a life free from any form of fear that can hinder personal and spiritual growth.
How does Gandhi’s concept of Satyagraha relate to fearlessness?
Gandhi’s concept of Satyagraha, or non-violent resistance, is deeply rooted in fearlessness. It requires individuals to stand up against injustice without resorting to violence, facing oppression with courage and integrity. Satyagraha embodies the idea of fearlessness by encouraging people to hold fast to the truth and endure suffering without fear of consequences. This principle reflects a profound inner strength and moral clarity.
What role does attachment play in the concept of fearlessness?
Attachment plays a significant role in the concept of fearlessness, as many fears are rooted in attachment to the body, possessions, and relationships. By overcoming attachment, one can transcend these fears. Gandhi suggests viewing wealth, family, and body as God’s property and oneself as a trustee rather than an owner. This perspective helps in relinquishing control and reduces fear, leading to a state of inner peace and true fearlessness.
How do the Upanishads contribute to the essay’s message on fearlessness?
A: The Upanishads contribute to the essay’s message on fearlessness by teaching the principle of enjoying worldly things without attachment. They emphasize that everything belongs to God, and individuals are merely trustees. This viewpoint encourages detachment from material possessions and reduces fear. By adopting this spiritual perspective, one can achieve a sense of peace and fearlessness, understanding that nothing truly belongs to them.
What is the significance of the story of Harishchandra in the essay?
The story of Harishchandra is significant in the essay as it exemplifies the ultimate sacrifice and unwavering commitment to truth. Harishchandra, a legendary king, faced immense hardships and sacrificed everything, including his kingdom and family, to uphold truth. This story, whether historical or metaphorical, illustrates the ideal of fearlessness and integrity. It serves as a powerful example for seekers of truth, highlighting the importance of maintaining one’s principles despite severe trials.
How does Gandhi’s principle of Ahimsa connect with fearlessness?
Gandhi’s principle of Ahimsa, or non-violence, is intrinsically connected with fearlessness. Practicing Ahimsa requires immense courage and the ability to face injustice and suffering without resorting to violence. It demands a fearless heart that can endure pain and opposition while remaining steadfast in the commitment to non-violence. Ahimsa reflects a deep inner strength and the absence of fear, aligning with Gandhi’s broader teachings on fearlessness.
In what ways does Gandhi suggest one can cultivate fearlessness?
Gandhi suggests that cultivating fearlessness involves constant effort, self-confidence, and a shift in perspective. One must overcome internal fears like passion and anger and detach from material possessions and bodily attachment. Viewing everything as belonging to God and oneself as a trustee rather than an owner helps reduce fear. By embracing humility, relinquishing control, and committing to truth and non-violence, one can progress towards true fearlessness.
Why is Krishna considered the Supreme Personality of Godhead?
Krishna possesses six opulences: strength, fame, wealth, knowledge, beauty, and renunciation.
He is beyond mental speculation and exists independently.
Knowing Kṛṣṇa as the Supreme liberates us from sinful reactions.
Essay Type Questions
Write the critical appreciation of the Essay.
The essay “Fearlessness” provides a profound exploration of one of the most pivotal virtues in both spiritual and everyday life. Its critical appreciation involves evaluating its thematic depth, philosophical insights, practical relevance, and stylistic execution. Here’s a detailed critical analysis of the essay:
Thematic Depth
Central Theme and Relevance:
The essay’s central theme is the paramount importance of fearlessness in personal and spiritual development. It positions fearlessness as not just a virtue but a foundational quality essential for the cultivation of other noble attributes such as truth and love. By placing fearlessness at the forefront, the essay underscores its indispensable role in overcoming various challenges and achieving higher moral and spiritual goals. The theme is both timeless and universal, resonating with readers across different cultures and belief systems.
Exploration of Fear:
The essay adeptly distinguishes between internal and external fears. Internal fears are related to one’s emotions and attachments, while external fears pertain to physical and material concerns. This nuanced exploration enhances the thematic depth by addressing fear in a comprehensive manner. The essay argues that overcoming internal fears is crucial for transcending external fears, providing a holistic perspective on the nature of fear and how to address it.
Philosophical Insights
Integration with Spiritual Philosophy:
The essay integrates philosophical insights from the Gita and other spiritual traditions, particularly focusing on the concept of fearlessness. By referencing the Gita’s 16th chapter and connecting fearlessness with spiritual awakening and detachment, the essay situates fearlessness within a broader philosophical framework. This integration highlights the essay’s engagement with profound spiritual concepts and its attempt to connect them with practical living.
Gandhi’s Influence:
The essay’s connection to Mahatma Gandhi’s principles of Satyagraha and Ahimsa adds significant philosophical weight. Gandhi’s teachings on non-violence and truth are deeply rooted in the idea of fearlessness, making his life and work a powerful illustration of the essay’s concepts. The essay’s alignment with Gandhi’s philosophy not only enriches its content but also enhances its credibility and relevance.
Practical Relevance
Application to Everyday Life:
The essay’s practical implications are a major strength. It discusses how fearlessness impacts daily life by enabling individuals to face challenges with courage and integrity. The practical advice on overcoming attachment and viewing possessions as trustees rather than owners offers actionable insights for readers. This approach makes the essay not just a theoretical exploration but a guide for living a more fearless and fulfilling life.
Inspirational Quality:
The essay’s ability to inspire is noteworthy. By discussing fearlessness in the context of personal growth and societal transformation, it provides readers with a motivating vision of what can be achieved through fearlessness. The reference to historical and spiritual figures, including Gandhi and the story of Harishchandra, serves to inspire readers to cultivate this virtue in their own lives.
Stylistic Execution
Clarity and Coherence:
The essay is written with clarity and coherence, effectively conveying complex philosophical ideas in an accessible manner. The structure is logical, with a clear progression from defining fearlessness to exploring its implications and providing practical advice. This clarity helps in understanding and appreciating the essay’s arguments and insights.
Engagement with Readers:
The essay engages readers through its reflective and thought-provoking style. By asking readers to consider their own fears and attachments, it fosters a personal connection to the topic. The use of illustrative examples, such as the story of Harishchandra and references to Gandhi, enriches the essay and enhances its appeal.
Critical Observations
Depth of Analysis:
While the essay provides a thorough exploration of fearlessness, some readers might find the philosophical analysis dense or abstract. A deeper examination of practical examples and contemporary applications could further enhance the essay’s relevance and accessibility.
Balancing Theory and Practice:
The essay excels in balancing theoretical and practical aspects of fearlessness. However, further elaboration on how to practically implement the discussed principles in various life situations could provide additional value to readers seeking concrete guidance.
Conclusion
The essay “Fearlessness” is a thought-provoking and insightful exploration of a crucial virtue. Its thematic depth, philosophical integration, and practical relevance make it a significant contribution to the discussion of moral and spiritual qualities. The essay’s clarity and engaging style enhance its effectiveness in conveying complex ideas, while its connection to influential figures like Gandhi adds a compelling dimension. Overall, the essay successfully illuminates the importance of fearlessness and offers valuable insights for both personal and spiritual growth.
