A Poet’s Epitaph by William Wordsworth | A Poet’s Epitaph | William Wordsworth | Explanation | Summary | Key Points | Word Meaning | Critical Appreciation | Questions Answers | Free PDF Download – Easy Literary Lessons
A Poet’s Epitaph
(William Wordsworth)
Art thou a Statist in the van
Of public conflicts trained and bred?
—First learn to love one living man;
‘Then’ may’st thou think upon the dead.
A Lawyer art thou?—draw not nigh!
Go, carry to some fitter place
The keenness of that practised eye,
The hardness of that sallow face.
Art thou a Man of purple cheer?
A rosy Man, right plump to see?
Approach; yet, Doctor, not too near,
This grave no cushion is for thee.
Or art thou one of gallant pride,
A Soldier and no man of chaff?
Welcome!—but lay thy sword aside,
And lean upon a peasant’s staff.
Physician art thou? one, all eyes,
Philosopher! a fingering slave,
One that would peep and botanise
Upon his mother’s grave?
Wrapt closely in thy sensual fleece,
O turn aside,—and take, I pray,
That he below may rest in peace,
Thy ever-dwindling soul, away!
A Moralist perchance appears;
Led, Heaven knows how! to this poor sod:
And he has neither eyes nor ears;
Himself his world, and his own God;
One to whose smooth-rubbed soul can cling
Nor form, nor feeling, great or small;
A reasoning, self-sufficing thing,
An intellectual All-in-all!
Shut close the door; press down the latch;
Sleep in thy intellectual crust;
Nor lose ten tickings of thy watch
Near this unprofitable dust.
But who is He, with modest looks,
And clad in homely russet brown?
He murmurs near the running brooks
A music sweeter than their own.
He is retired as noontide dew,
Or fountain in a noon-day grove;
And you must love him, ere to you
He will seem worthy of your love.
The outward shows of sky and earth,
Of hill and valley, he has viewed;
And impulses of deeper birth
Have come to him in solitude.
In common things that round us lie
Some random truths he can impart,—
The harvest of a quiet eye
That broods and sleeps on his own heart.
But he is weak; both Man and Boy,
Hath been an idler in the land;
Contented if he might enjoy
The things which others understand.
—Come hither in thy hour of strength;
Come, weak as is a breaking wave!
Here stretch thy body at full length;
Or build thy house upon this grave.
A Poet’s Epitaph Analysis
Stanza 1
Art thou a Statist in the van
Of public conflicts trained and bred?
—First learn to love one living man;
‘Then’ may’st thou think upon the dead.
Explanation: In these opening lines, Wordsworth addresses individuals who are heavily involved in public and political affairs—statists, or those who manage or influence government and societal conflicts. He suggests that before they can truly understand and honor the significance of those who have passed away, they must first learn to appreciate and love a single living person.
The idea is that true understanding and respect for the dead come from a deep and genuine appreciation of life and the people around us. For a person engaged in the complexities of public life, this means prioritizing personal connections and demonstrating compassion in their immediate relationships. Only by cultivating such personal and emotional depth can one attain a meaningful perspective on the value of life and death.
Poetic Device
Rhetorical Question: The stanza opens with a rhetorical question, “Art thou a Statist in the van / Of public conflicts trained and bred?” This device engages the reader and sets up a contrast between different types of people.
Contrast: Wordsworth contrasts the life of a statist, involved in public conflicts, with the idea of genuinely loving and understanding a single living person. This sets up a critique of those who are consumed by public affairs without personal depth.
Stanza 2
A Lawyer art thou?—draw not nigh!
Go, carry to some fitter place
The keenness of that practised eye,
The hardness of that sallow face.
Explanation: Wordsworth is telling lawyers not to come near the grave. He believes that their sharp, critical thinking and their serious, sometimes hardened attitudes don’t match well with the peacefulness of a graveyard. The poet thinks that the qualities of a lawyer, such as their intense focus and stern demeanor, are not appropriate in this setting and would be better suited elsewhere. This reflects the idea that people with different professions and attitudes approach the concept of death in varied ways, and not all are fitting for the quiet and humble nature of the grave.
Poetic Device
Rhetorical Question: The stanza begins with the rhetorical question “A Lawyer art thou?” This device is used to address and critique the lawyer’s approach to life and death.
Imagery: Wordsworth employs vivid imagery with “the keenness of that practised eye” and “the hardness of that sallow face.” These images evoke the lawyer’s intense, often stern demeanor, contrasting sharply with the grave’s peaceful nature.
Personification: The lawyer’s “practised eye” and “sallow face” are personified as traits that are out of place or unsuitable for the grave. This personification helps to illustrate the lawyer’s characteristics as being incompatible with the serene and humble setting of the grave.
Contrast: There is a clear contrast between the lawyer’s sharp, analytical traits and the quiet, respectful nature of the grave. This emphasizes the idea that certain qualities are not appropriate for reflecting on or being in the presence of the dead.
Stanza 3
Art thou a Man of purple cheer?
A rosy Man, right plump to see?
Approach; yet, Doctor, not too near,
This grave no cushion is for thee.
Explanation: In these lines, Wordsworth addresses those who are cheerful and well-fed, such as wealthy or high-ranking individuals, possibly including doctors. He invites them to approach the grave, but warns them not to come too close. The “grave no cushion is for thee” suggests that the grave is not a comfortable or fitting place for someone who lives a life of luxury or indulgence. The poet implies that such individuals, who are accustomed to comfort and ease, should recognize that the grave is a place of humility and simplicity, not suited for their accustomed ways of living.
Poetic Device
Rhetorical Question: The stanza opens with a rhetorical question, “Art thou a Man of purple cheer?” This device questions the suitability of the “rosy Man” for the setting of the grave.
Imagery: Wordsworth uses vivid imagery to describe the “rosy Man” as “plump to see,” creating a visual picture of someone who is well-fed and cheerful. This contrasts with the humble nature of the grave.
Contrast: The stanza contrasts the doctor’s cheerful and luxurious demeanor with the solemnity of the grave. The line “This grave no cushion is for thee” underscores the mismatch between the man’s comfort-oriented nature and the grave’s simplicity.
Metaphor: The “grave no cushion is for thee” metaphorically suggests that the grave is not a place for someone accustomed to comfort and luxury. It implies that the grave is not suited for someone who seeks physical comfort or indulgence.
Stanza 4
Or art thou one of gallant pride,
A Soldier and no man of chaff?
Welcome!—but lay thy sword aside,
And lean upon a peasant’s staff.
Explanation: In these lines, Wordsworth addresses soldiers, those who are proud and valiant. He welcomes them to the grave, but advises them to set aside their swords and adopt the humble staff of a common person. This suggests that even someone with a proud, warrior-like demeanor should approach the grave with humility and simplicity, abandoning their martial pride in favor of a more modest and peaceful stance. The poet emphasizes that the grave is a place for quiet reflection and humility, not for displays of honor or valor.
Poetic Device
Rhetorical Question: The stanza begins with the rhetorical question, “Or art thou one of gallant pride,” addressing soldiers and their pride in their valor and status.
Contrast: There is a sharp contrast between the soldier’s “gallant pride” and the humble nature of the grave. The poet highlights the difference between martial honor and the simple, peaceful existence associated with the grave.
Imagery: Wordsworth uses imagery to describe the soldier’s “sword” and the “peasant’s staff.” The sword symbolizes martial pride and honor, while the peasant’s staff represents humility and simplicity. This imagery reinforces the idea that the grave is a place for modesty rather than pride.
Metaphor: The directive to “lay thy sword aside” and “lean upon a peasant’s staff” is metaphorical. It suggests that the soldier should set aside their pride and warrior spirit in favor of adopting a more humble and peaceful demeanor in the presence of the grave.
Stanza 5
Physician art thou? one, all eyes,
Philosopher! a fingering slave,
One that would peep and botanise
Upon his mother’s grave?
Explanation: In these lines, Wordsworth addresses physicians and philosophers. He describes physicians as being very observant, and philosophers as those who are constantly analyzing and probing. He questions whether these individuals would scrutinize and study the grave as if it were an object of their intellectual curiosity or scientific investigation.
The poet implies that such detailed examination of the grave, as if it were a subject for study or research, is inappropriate. The grave should not be treated as a mere object of analysis but respected for its simplicity and solemnity. Wordsworth is suggesting that those who are accustomed to probing and examining should recognize the grave as a place for quiet reflection, not for intellectual or scientific inquiry.
Poetic Device
Imagery: Wordsworth uses imagery to depict the physician as “all eyes,” suggesting a hyper-focus on observation, and the philosopher as a “fingering slave,” implying a meticulous and analytical nature. These images create a vivid contrast with the serenity of the grave.
Contrast: The poet contrasts the physician’s and philosopher’s tendencies to scrutinize and analyze with the quiet, respectful nature appropriate for the grave. Wordsworth criticizes their potential inclination to treat the grave as an object of study rather than a place of reflection.
Metaphor: The phrases “all eyes” and “fingering slave” are metaphorical, describing the physician and philosopher’s obsessive and invasive tendencies. These metaphors suggest that their professional habits are out of place in the context of the grave.
Irony: The final lines, “One that would peep and botanise / Upon his mother’s grave,” use irony to highlight the inappropriate nature of the physician’s and philosopher’s behavior. The idea of examining or studying a grave, particularly one of a close family member, contrasts sharply with the expected respect and quietude.
Stanza 6
Wrapt closely in thy sensual fleece,
O turn aside,—and take, I pray,
That he below may rest in peace,
Thy ever-dwindling soul, away!
Explanation: In these lines, Wordsworth addresses those who are wrapped up in their own sensual pleasures and materialistic desires. He urges them to turn away from the grave, asking them to remove their self-indulgent and distracted selves.
The poet wants these individuals, who are preoccupied with their own desires and worldly pleasures, to give the deceased the peace they deserve by stepping aside and allowing the grave to remain undisturbed. Wordsworth emphasizes that their focus on fleeting pleasures is not appropriate in the context of the grave, which should be a place of quiet and respect.
Poetic Device
Imagery: The phrase “wrapt closely in thy sensual fleece” uses imagery to describe individuals who are enveloped in their own sensual pleasures or materialistic desires. This image conveys a sense of being enveloped or distracted by earthly indulgences.
Metaphor: The “ever-dwindling soul” is a metaphor for the individual’s preoccupation with transient and fleeting pleasures. It implies that such distractions are not fitting in the context of a grave, which symbolizes peace and simplicity.
Contrast: The contrast between the “sensual fleece” and the peaceful nature of the grave highlights the inappropriateness of being distracted by physical desires in the presence of something meant for reflection and rest.
Stanza 7
A Moralist perchance appears;
Led, Heaven knows how! to this poor sod:
And he has neither eyes nor ears;
Himself his world, and his own God;
Explanation: In these lines, Wordsworth speaks to a moralist who arrives at the grave, seemingly by chance. He describes this moralist as someone who is so absorbed in his own ideas and self-righteousness that he is blind and deaf to the broader world around him.
The poet suggests that the moralist is entirely focused on his own moral principles and beliefs, making himself the center of his universe and his own judge. This self-centered perspective makes him unable to fully appreciate or respect the humble nature of the grave. Wordsworth implies that such an individual, wrapped up in their own moral framework, may not be suited to the simple, reflective nature of the graveyard.
Poetic Device
Rhetorical Question: The phrase “Led, Heaven knows how!” introduces a rhetorical question, expressing wonder at how the moralist ended up at the grave. This device adds a touch of irony and skepticism regarding the moralist’s presence.
Imagery: Wordsworth uses imagery to depict the moralist as someone who is inwardly focused and disconnected from the external world. The description of the moralist as having “neither eyes nor ears” conveys a sense of detachment and self-absorption.
Contrast: The stanza contrasts the moralist’s inward-looking nature with the grave’s need for respect and reflection. The moralist’s self-contained worldview is shown to be incompatible with the quiet, humble nature of the grave.
Irony: There is an ironic tone in describing the moralist as having “neither eyes nor ears” while being deeply self-absorbed. This irony underscores the moralist’s lack of genuine connection or understanding of the deeper, simpler aspects of life, such as those represented by the grave.
Stanza 8
One to whose smooth-rubbed soul can cling
Nor form, nor feeling, great or small;
A reasoning, self-sufficing thing,
An intellectual All-in-all!
Explanation: In these lines, Wordsworth describes the moralist as someone whose smooth, self-satisfied soul is detached from any deep emotions or meaningful experiences. This person is portrayed as purely intellectual, relying solely on reason and self-sufficiency.
The poet criticizes this individual for being completely absorbed in their own intellectual world, lacking any genuine connection to the forms or feelings that give life depth and richness. The moralist’s self-contained nature and focus on intellectualism make them disconnected from the simple, heartfelt essence of the grave. Wordsworth suggests that such a mindset is not suited for appreciating the quiet and humble nature of the resting place.
Poetic Device
Imagery: The description of the moralist’s soul as “smooth-rubbed” creates an image of a person who is polished and self-satisfied. This smoothness suggests a lack of emotional depth or genuine feeling.
Contrast: Wordsworth contrasts the moralist’s “smooth-rubbed soul” with the deeper, more profound aspects of life that the grave represents. The lack of connection to “form” or “feeling” highlights a disconnect from the more meaningful and emotional experiences of life.
Metaphor: The phrase “An intellectual All-in-all” is a metaphor for the moralist’s complete immersion in intellectual pursuits, to the exclusion of other aspects of life. It emphasizes their overemphasis on reason and self-sufficiency.
Irony: There is an ironic undertone in describing the moralist as an “intellectual All-in-all,” as it suggests that their focus on reason and intellect has led to a lack of genuine emotional or spiritual understanding, making them ill-suited for the humble and contemplative nature of the grave.
Stanza 9
Shut close the door; press down the latch;
Sleep in thy intellectual crust;
Nor lose ten tickings of thy watch
Near this unprofitable dust.
Explanation: In these lines, Wordsworth tells the moralist to stay away from the grave and continue living within the confines of their own intellectual world. He advises them to remain in their “intellectual crust,” which suggests a self-imposed shell of rationality and detachment.
The poet emphasizes that engaging with the grave or spending time there would be a waste of the moralist’s time, as it is “unprofitable dust” for someone so focused on intellectual pursuits. Wordsworth implies that the grave is not the right place for someone who is so absorbed in their own thoughts and theories, as it offers no benefit or enlightenment to them.
Poetic Device
Imagery: The imagery of “intellectual crust” suggests a hardened, detached mindset. This visual image contrasts with the natural simplicity of the grave, highlighting the intellectual’s inappropriateness for such a setting.
Metaphor: The “intellectual crust” is a metaphor for a rigid, overly rational mindset that is out of place in the context of the grave. Similarly, “unprofitable dust” metaphorically describes the grave as something that offers no intellectual value or utility.
Irony: The poet ironically suggests that the grave, which represents peace and humility, is not a place where intellectuals should spend their time. The irony lies in the intellectual’s inability to appreciate the true nature of the grave, which is not meant for scholarly contemplation but for quiet reflection.
Contrast: There is a contrast between the “intellectual crust” and the simplicity of the grave. Wordsworth highlights that the grave, as “unprofitable dust,” does not align with the intellectual’s analytical mindset, making it an inappropriate place for such individuals.
Stanza 10
But who is He, with modest looks,
And clad in homely russet brown?
He murmurs near the running brooks
A music sweeter than their own.
Explanation: In these lines, Wordsworth introduces a different kind of individual, characterized by modesty and simplicity. This person is dressed in simple, everyday clothing (“homely russet brown”) and has a humble appearance.
The poet describes this individual as someone who, despite their unassuming exterior, creates a profound and beautiful presence. They are depicted as being in tune with nature, and their gentle, natural way of being produces a “music” that is even more enchanting than the sounds of the running brooks. This imagery suggests that the true beauty and worth of a person come from their simplicity and connection with the natural world, rather than from wealth or status.
Poetic Device
Imagery: The description of “modest looks” and “homely russet brown” creates a vivid image of a person who is simple and unassuming in appearance. This imagery contrasts with the more elaborate descriptions of other characters in the poem.
Symbolism: The “russet brown” clothing symbolizes simplicity and humility, suggesting that this person is grounded and unpretentious.
Personification: The “music sweeter than their own” personifies the running brooks, attributing them with the ability to produce music. It suggests that the person’s presence and demeanor offer a deeper, more harmonious quality than even the natural sounds of the brook.
Contrast: Wordsworth contrasts the modest, humble individual with the previously described figures (statists, lawyers, doctors, etc.) who are not suited to the grave. This highlights the unique appropriateness of the humble person for the grave’s simplicity.
Metaphor: The “music sweeter than their own” is a metaphor for the profound, gentle presence of the individual, suggesting that their simple, humble nature brings a deeper, more pleasing quality than the natural beauty around them.
Stanza 11
He is retired as noontide dew,
Or fountain in a noon-day grove;
And you must love him, ere to you
He will seem worthy of your love.
Explanation: In these lines, Wordsworth describes the modest individual as someone who is as unobtrusive and serene as the dew at noon or a quiet fountain in a grove. This person is peaceful and unassuming, blending seamlessly into their natural surroundings.
The poet suggests that to truly appreciate and love this individual, one must first recognize and value their simplicity and quietude. Only by developing an appreciation for their gentle and humble nature will this person seem worthy of love. Wordsworth emphasizes that genuine worth and affection are found in appreciating the subtle, unpretentious qualities of such a person.
Poetic Device
Simile: The similes “retired as noontide dew” and “fountain in a noon-day grove” compare the individual’s quiet and unobtrusive nature to these natural elements. The similes suggest that the person is peaceful and subtle, blending into their surroundings like dew or a quiet fountain.
Imagery: The imagery of “noontide dew” and a “fountain in a noon-day grove” evokes a serene and tranquil scene, reinforcing the idea that the person embodies simplicity and calmness.
Contrast: The poet contrasts this individual’s modest, unobtrusive nature with the more noticeable or prominent traits of the other figures described earlier. This contrast highlights the unique and fitting quality of the humble person for the grave.
Irony: There is an ironic element in that the individual’s worth is not immediately apparent. Wordsworth suggests that only by developing an appreciation for the person’s humble and simple nature can one truly understand and value their true worth.
Stanza 12
The outward shows of sky and earth,
Of hill and valley, he has viewed;
And impulses of deeper birth
Have come to him in solitude.
Explanation: In these lines, Wordsworth explains that the modest individual has observed the natural beauty of the world—sky, earth, hills, and valleys. Through these observations, and in moments of solitude, they have experienced profound, deeper insights or feelings.
The poet implies that this person’s true understanding and appreciation of life come from a quiet, reflective engagement with nature. Their solitude allows them to connect with deeper impulses and truths that go beyond mere physical appearance. This highlights the idea that true wisdom and depth are often found in moments of personal reflection and simplicity.
Poetic Device
Imagery: Wordsworth describes the individual as having observed “the outward shows of sky and earth, / Of hill and valley,” creating a vivid image of someone who has taken in the natural beauty of the world. This imagery underscores the person’s connection with nature.
Contrast: The contrast between the “outward shows” (the visible, superficial aspects of nature) and the “impulses of deeper birth” highlights the depth of the individual’s experience. While they have seen the external beauty of the world, their true understanding comes from deeper, more profound insights gained in solitude.
Symbolism: The natural elements (sky, earth, hill, and valley) symbolize the external, observable world, while “impulses of deeper birth” represent the internal, spiritual or emotional insights that arise from solitude. This symbolizes a deeper understanding that goes beyond mere observation.
Metaphor: The “impulses of deeper birth” are a metaphor for the profound insights and feelings that the individual has gained through solitary reflection. These impulses are depicted as being born from a deeper, more introspective experience.
Stanza 13
In common things that round us lie
Some random truths he can impart,—
The harvest of a quiet eye
That broods and sleeps on his own heart.
Explanation: In these lines, Wordsworth highlights that the modest individual finds profound truths in the ordinary, everyday aspects of life. The poet suggests that this person has a unique ability to see deeper meaning in common things around them.
The “harvest of a quiet eye” refers to the insights and wisdom gained from observing the world with a calm and reflective perspective. This individual’s inner contemplation, or “brooding and sleeping on his own heart,” allows them to extract valuable truths from simple, everyday experiences. The idea is that a peaceful and contemplative nature enables one to uncover significant truths that might be overlooked by those who are more distracted or preoccupied.
Poetic Device
Imagery: The imagery of “common things that round us lie” evokes the everyday objects and experiences that surround us. This sets the stage for the idea that profound truths can be found in these ordinary elements.
Metaphor: The “harvest of a quiet eye” is a metaphor for the insights and understanding gained from observing the world with calm and contemplation. This metaphor suggests that deep knowledge and wisdom are the fruits of peaceful observation.
Personification: The “quiet eye” and the notion that it “broods and sleeps on his own heart” personify the individual’s ability to reflect and ponder. This personification suggests that their introspective nature actively cultivates understanding.
Contrast: Wordsworth contrasts the simplicity of “common things” with the profound “random truths” that the individual can impart. This contrast emphasizes that even ordinary elements can yield significant insights when observed with a reflective and thoughtful perspective.
Symbolism: The “quiet eye” symbolizes a contemplative and serene approach to life, while the “harvest” represents the insights and truths that emerge from such a reflective state. This symbolizes the value of introspection and quiet observation in discovering deeper meaning.
Stanza 14
But he is weak; both Man and Boy,
Hath been an idler in the land;
Contented if he might enjoy
The things which others understand.
Explanation: In these lines, Wordsworth acknowledges that the modest individual, despite their deep insights and contemplative nature, is considered weak or idle by others. They have spent their life in a state of leisure or inactivity, not pursuing conventional achievements or ambitions.
The individual is portrayed as content with simply enjoying and appreciating the simple things in life, rather than striving to understand or achieve what others might value or pursue. This suggests that while the person may not conform to societal standards of productivity or success, their satisfaction comes from a genuine appreciation of life’s simpler pleasures.
Poetic Device
Contrast: There is a contrast between the individual’s contentment with enjoying simple things and the conventional understanding or accomplishments of others. This contrast underscores that the individual finds satisfaction in what others might overlook or deem insignificant.
Irony: The irony lies in the portrayal of the individual’s idleness and apparent weakness as virtues. Wordsworth suggests that while others might value achievement and productivity, this person’s contentment with simple enjoyment is a different form of wisdom.
Stanza 15
—Come hither in thy hour of strength;
Come, weak as is a breaking wave!
Here stretch thy body at full length;
Or build thy house upon this grave.
Explanation: In these concluding lines, Wordsworth invites the modest individual to come to the grave, whether in their moments of strength or in their weakness. He suggests that they can rest fully or even find solace in the grave, symbolically building their house upon it.
The poet is extending a welcome to this person to find peace and comfort in the grave’s simplicity, regardless of their current state of strength or frailty. By offering such a place of rest, Wordsworth acknowledges the individual’s unique virtues and the value of their reflective, humble life. The grave becomes a fitting resting place for someone who finds meaning in simplicity and contemplation.
Poetic Device
Contrast: The lines contrast “strength” with “weak as is a breaking wave.” This contrast highlights that the grave is a place for all individuals, regardless of their physical or emotional state. The imagery of a breaking wave suggests vulnerability and fragility.
Imagery: Wordsworth uses vivid imagery with “stretch thy body at full length” and “build thy house upon this grave.” These images suggest both repose and permanence, indicating that the grave can serve as a place of rest or even as a metaphorical foundation for one’s life or thoughts.
Metaphor: The concept of “building a house upon this grave” is metaphorical. It suggests that the grave can be a place where one finds a deeper, more lasting foundation for their own understanding or existence, symbolizing a profound connection to the simplicity and humility the grave represents.
A Poet’s Epitaph Summary
William Wordsworth’s “A Poet’s Epitaph” was first published in his collection Poems in Two Volumes in 1807. This collection marked an important period in Wordsworth’s career, reflecting his transition to more reflective and philosophical poetry. The poem’s inclusion in this collection highlights Wordsworth’s interest in exploring themes of simplicity, humility, and the intrinsic value of a modest life.
“A Poet’s Epitaph” by William Wordsworth is a reflective and somewhat satirical poem that critiques various professions and societal roles, contrasting them with the idealized figure of the poet. The poem is structured as a series of rhetorical questions and statements directed at different types of people, ultimately highlighting the unique qualities and virtues of the poet.
The poem begins by addressing a “Statist,” or a politician, suggesting that before they can think about the dead, they must first learn to love the living. This sets the tone for the poem’s critique of those who are overly concerned with abstract or distant matters at the expense of immediate human connections.
Next, the poem turns to a lawyer, advising them to take their sharp, practiced eye and hardened face elsewhere, implying that their skills and demeanor are out of place in the context of the poet’s grave. Similarly, a doctor, described as a “Man of purple cheer” and a “rosy Man,” is warned not to come too close, as the grave is not a comfortable place for them.
The poem then addresses a soldier, welcoming them but asking them to lay aside their sword and take up a peasant’s staff, symbolizing humility and simplicity. This contrasts with the soldier’s usual association with pride and valor.
A physician and a philosopher are also critiqued, with the physician being described as one who would “peep and botanise / Upon his mother’s grave,” suggesting a cold, analytical approach to life and death. The philosopher is called a “fingering slave,” indicating a preoccupation with intellectual pursuits at the expense of deeper emotional or spiritual understanding.
The poem continues with a moralist, who is depicted as being self-sufficient and detached from the world around them. This person is described as having a “smooth-rubbed soul” to which nothing can cling, emphasizing their lack of genuine human connection or feeling.
In contrast to all these figures, the poet is portrayed as someone with “modest looks” and “clad in homely russet brown.” The poet is in tune with nature, murmuring music sweeter than the running brooks. This person is described as being retired and contemplative, finding deeper truths in solitude and the simple things around them.
The poet is also depicted as someone who has been an idler, content to enjoy life without the need for the understanding or approval of others. This idleness is not seen as a flaw but as a virtue, allowing the poet to observe and appreciate the world in a way that others cannot.
The poem concludes with an invitation to come to the poet’s grave in a moment of strength or weakness, suggesting that the poet’s resting place is a source of solace and inspiration for those who are open to it.
Overall, “A Poet’s Epitaph” uses vivid imagery and contrasts to critique various societal roles and elevate the poet as a figure of unique insight and sensitivity. The poem emphasizes the value of emotional connection, humility, and a deep appreciation for the natural world, qualities that Wordsworth believed were essential to the poetic spirit.
A Poet’s Epitaph Key Points
Author
William Wordsworth (1770-1850) was a major English Romantic poet who, along with Samuel Taylor Coleridge, helped to launch the Romantic Age in English literature with their joint publication “Lyrical Ballads” (1798). Wordsworth’s poetry often focuses on themes of nature, emotion, and the human experience.
Structure and Form (Rhyme Scheme)
Structure: The poem consists of 15 quatrains (four-line stanzas).
Rhyme Scheme: The rhyme scheme is ABAB, which provides a rhythmic and musical quality to the poem.
Meter: The poem is written in iambic tetrameter, meaning each line typically has four iambic feet (an unstressed syllable followed by a stressed syllable).
Speaker
The speaker in the poem is an unnamed narrator who addresses various societal figures, critiquing their suitability to approach the poet’s grave. The speaker contrasts these figures with the idealized poet, highlighting the poet’s unique virtues.
Setting
Primary Setting: The setting is primarily a grave or burial site, representing a place of rest and contemplation.
Imagery: The grave is contrasted with the natural world, such as running brooks and noontide dew, emphasizing the difference between material success and inner peace.
Theme
Reflection on Life and Death: The poem explores who is truly deserving of rest in the grave, contrasting worldly achievements with inner qualities.
Critique of Social Roles: It critiques various societal roles and professions, suggesting they are not suited for the humble nature of the grave.
Value of Simplicity and Contemplation: The poem values simplicity and contemplation, celebrating those who find joy in everyday things and have a humble, introspective nature.
Plot
Introduction: The poem begins by questioning whether different types of people (statists, lawyers, doctors, etc.) are appropriate for the grave.
Development: It critiques these professions for their focus on worldly success or intellectual pursuits, suggesting they are not suitable for the grave.
Climax: Introduces a humble, contemplative individual who is seen as the true fit for the grave.
Conclusion: Concludes by inviting both the strong and the weak to find rest in the grave, suggesting that it is a universal place of peace.
Tone
Reflective: The tone is thoughtful and contemplative as the poet reflects on the nature of life, death, and the appropriateness of different individuals for the grave.
Critical: There is a critical edge towards those who are overly focused on worldly or intellectual achievements.
Style
Conversational: The style is direct and engaging, using rhetorical questions and commands to address the reader.
Descriptive: Wordsworth uses vivid descriptions to illustrate the nature of different individuals and their suitability for the grave.
Irony: The poem employs irony to contrast the superficial success of various professions with the deeper, simpler qualities fitting for the grave.
Message
Critique of Worldly Success: The poem suggests that worldly success and intellectual achievements are not what truly matters when it comes to resting in the grave.
Celebration of Humility: It emphasizes that simple, humble individuals who find joy in everyday experiences are most suitable for the grave.
Inclusivity of the Grave: The grave is portrayed as a place where all, regardless of their achievements or weaknesses, can find peace and rest.
William Wordsworth
Biography
Birth: William Wordsworth was born on April 7, 1770, in Cockermouth, Cumberland, England.
Death: He passed away on April 23, 1850, in Rydal Mount, Westmorland, England.
Education
Early Education: Wordsworth attended Hawkshead Grammar School, where he was introduced to poetry and classical literature.
University: He studied at St. John’s College, Cambridge, where he began to develop his poetic voice.
Major Works
“Lyrical Ballads” (1798): Co-written with Samuel Taylor Coleridge, this collection is considered a landmark in English Romantic literature. It includes Wordsworth’s famous poem “Tintern Abbey.”
“The Prelude”: An autobiographical poem reflecting Wordsworth’s life and philosophical development, often considered his masterpiece.
“Ode: Intimations of Immortality”: A significant poem exploring themes of memory and the divine nature of childhood.
Literary Style
Romanticism: Wordsworth is a central figure in the Romantic movement, emphasizing emotion, nature, and individual experience.
Nature: He often explored nature’s beauty and power, portraying it as a source of inspiration and spiritual renewal.
Simple Language: Wordsworth favored plain and accessible language, aiming to make poetry more relatable and democratic.
Philosophy
Nature and Emotion: Wordsworth believed that nature was a profound source of emotional and spiritual insight. He viewed nature as a living entity that could teach and heal.
The Sublime: His work often reflects the Romantic fascination with the sublime, capturing the awe and majesty of nature.
Childhood: Wordsworth placed significant importance on childhood as a time of innocence and a connection to the divine.
Influences
Early Influences: He was influenced by the Enlightenment thinkers and the Romantic poets of his time, particularly Samuel Taylor Coleridge.
Personal Experiences: His experiences in the Lake District and his relationship with nature significantly shaped his poetic vision.
Later Life
Public Life: Wordsworth served as Poet Laureate of the United Kingdom from 1843 until his death. He was also involved in local politics and the management of the Lake District.
Legacy: Wordsworth’s work had a profound impact on English literature, and he is celebrated for his contributions to the Romantic movement and his role in shaping modern poetry.
Major Themes
Nature: The beauty and power of nature, and its impact on the human soul.
Emotion: The exploration of deep emotions and personal experiences.
The Divine: A belief in the spiritual and transcendent qualities of life and nature.
Memory: The role of memory in shaping and enriching the human experience.
Recognition
Honors: Wordsworth is widely regarded as one of the greatest poets in the English language. His work continues to be studied and celebrated for its innovation and depth.
A Poet’s Epitaph Word Meaning
| Tough Word | Meaning in English | Meaning in Hindi |
| Stanza 1 | ||
| Art | Are | हो |
| Thou | You | तुम |
| Statist | Politician | राजनीतिज्ञ |
| Van | Forefront | सबसे आगे |
| Conflicts | Struggles | संघर्ष |
| Bred | Raised | पाला हुआ |
| May’st thou think | You may think | तुम सोच सकते हो |
| Stanza 2 | ||
| Draw not nigh | Do not come close | पास मत आओ |
| fitter place | more appropriate place | उपयुक्त स्थान |
| Keenness | Sharpness | तीक्ष्णता |
| Practised eye | Experienced vision | अनुभवी दृष्टि |
| Hardness | Harshness | कठोरता |
| Sallow Face | Pale Expression | पीला चेहरा |
| Stanza 3 | ||
| Purple cheer | High-ranking person | ऊँचे दर्जे का व्यक्ति |
| Rosy | Cheerful | प्रसन्न |
| Plump | Chubby | मोटा |
| Cushion | Comfortable seat | गद्दी |
| Stanza 4 | ||
| Gallant | Brave | बहादुर |
| Man of chaff | Worthless man | तुच्छ व्यक्ति |
| Lay thy sword aside | Put your weapon away | अपनी तलवार रख दो |
| Peasant’s staff | Farmer’s stick | किसान की छड़ी |
| Stanza 5 | ||
| Physician | Doctor | चिकित्सक |
| All eyes | Always watching | हमेशा देखता हुआ |
| Philosopher | Thinker | दार्शनिक |
| Fingering slave | One who manipulates things | वस्तुओं को छूने वाला |
| Peep | Look secretly | झांकना |
| Botanise | Study plants | पौधों का अध्ययन करना |
| Stanza 6 | ||
| Wrapt | Wrapped | लिपटा हुआ |
| Sensual fleece | Materialistic desires | भौतिक इच्छाओं की चादर |
| Turn aside | Move away | दूर हो जाओ |
| Ever-dwindling soul | Shrinking spirit | सिकुड़ती आत्मा |
| Stanza 7 | ||
| Moralist | Ethical teacher | नैतिकतावादी |
| Perchance | By chance | संयोगवश |
| Sod | Earth | मिट्टी |
| His own God | Self-sufficient | स्वयं भगवान |
| Stanza 8 | ||
| Smooth-rubbed soul | Polished mind | चिकनी आत्मा |
| Cling | Stick | चिपकना |
| Self-sufficing | Self-sufficient | आत्मनिर्भर |
| Intellectual | Based on intellect | बौद्धिक |
| All-in-all | The ultimate | सब कुछ |
| Stanza 9 | ||
| Shut close | Close tightly | बंद करो |
| Latch | Door bolt | किवाड़ की कुंडी |
| Intellectual crust | Mental barrier | बौद्धिक परत |
| Ten tickings | Passing moments | दस टिक-टिक |
| Unprofitable dust | Worthless body | बेकार धूल |
| Stanza 10 | ||
| Modest looks | Humble appearance | विनम्र दिखावट |
| Clad | Dressed | कपड़े पहने |
| Homely russet brown | Simple brown attire | साधारण भूरे कपड़े |
| Murmurs | Soft sounds | बड़बड़ाता है |
| Running brooks | Flowing streams | बहते झरने |
| Sweeter | More pleasant | अधिक मीठा |
| Stanza 11 | ||
| Retired | Withdrawn | अलग |
| Noontide | Midday | दोपहर |
| dew | fog | ओस |
| Noon-day grove | Shady place | दोपहर का पेड़-पौधों वाला स्थान |
| Ere | “ere” is an archaic term meaning “before” | पहले |
| Stanza 12 | ||
| Outward shows | External appearances | बाहरी दिखावा |
| Impulses | Inner feelings | आंतरिक भावनाएं |
| Deeper birth | Profound origin | गहरे जन्म |
| Solitude | Loneliness | एकांत |
| Stanza 13 | ||
| Random truths | Occasional insights | बेतरतीब सत्य |
| Impart | Share | देना |
| Harvest | Collection | फसल |
| Quiet eye | Peaceful observer | शांत नजर |
| Broods | Thinks deeply | गहराई से सोचता है |
| Stanza 14 | ||
| Man and Boy | Throughout life | आदमी और लड़का |
| Idler | Lazy person | आलसी व्यक्ति |
| In the land | In the world | दुनिया में |
| Contented | Satisfied | संतुष्ट |
| Stanza 15 | ||
| Come hither | Come here | यहाँ आओ |
| Hour of strength | Time of power | ताकत का समय |
| Breaking wave | Crashing ocean wave | टूटती हुई लहर |
A Poet’s Epitaph Questions Answers
Very Short Answer Questions
Who is the poet of “A Poet’s Epitaph”?
William Wordsworth.
What is the main setting of the poem?
A grave or burial site.
Which profession is advised to stay away from the grave?
A lawyer.
What does the poet think of a “Man of purple cheer”?
The grave is not a comfortable place for him.
What should a soldier do according to the poem?
Lay aside his sword and lean on a peasant’s staff.
How does the poet describe a physician in relation to the grave?
As someone who should not probe or botanize at the grave.
What is advised for the philosopher regarding the grave?
To keep his intellectual pursuits away from the grave.
What does the poem say about a moralist’s suitability for the grave?
The moralist is too self-absorbed to appreciate the grave.
What should an intellectual do according to the poem?
Remain distant and not interfere with the grave.
How does Wordsworth describe the humble person suited for the grave?
Modest and clad in russet brown.
What does the humble person do near running brooks?
He creates music sweeter than the brooks.
How is the humble person’s solitude compared in the poem?
As peaceful as noontide dew or a noon-day fountain.
What kind of truths does the humble person impart?
Simple, random truths from everyday life.
What does the poem suggest about the humble person’s understanding of things?
He enjoys simple things that others understand.
What does the poem say about those who are weak or strong in relation to the grave?
Both can find rest there.
What does Wordsworth think about worldly success in relation to the grave?
It is irrelevant and does not suit the grave.
What does the poet think of a statists’ focus on public conflicts?
He should first learn to love individuals before thinking about the dead.
How does the poem address those who seek intellectual engagement at the grave?
They should refrain from such pursuits near the grave.
What type of person is described as not being able to rest peacefully in the grave?
One preoccupied with intellectual or worldly matters.
What does the poet suggest about the nature of the humble person’s contentment?
He is content with simple, common things.
What imagery does Wordsworth use to contrast with the grave?
Natural imagery like brooks and dew.
What does the poem say about the “smooth-rubbed soul” of the moralist?
It is self-sufficient and lacks deep feeling.
How does the poet view the philosopher’s presence at the grave?
As unwelcome and overly analytical.
What is the tone of the poem towards the different professions?
Critical and reflective.
What role does nature play in the poem?
It contrasts with the superficial achievements of people.
How does the poem describe the grave’s appropriateness for different individuals?
It suggests that only those with humble, simple natures are truly appropriate.
What does the poet imply about the value of worldly achievements?
They are insignificant in the context of the grave.
What invitation is extended to readers at the end of the poem?
To find rest and peace in the grave regardless of their strength or weakness.
How is the grave described in relation to personal achievements?
As a place where achievements matter less than personal qualities.
What does the poet value more than worldly success?
Simplicity, humility, and contemplation.
Short Answer Questions
What is the significance of the poet addressing different professions in the poem?
Wordsworth addresses different professions to critique their worldly achievements and characteristics. He suggests that these professions—statists, lawyers, doctors, soldiers—are not suited for the grave because their focus on external success or intellectual pursuits contrasts with the humble, contemplative nature appropriate for resting in peace.
How does the poem describe the appropriate qualities for someone to rest in the grave?
The poem suggests that the ideal person for the grave is humble, modest, and content with simple pleasures. This person is depicted as someone who finds beauty in everyday things and has a deep, contemplative nature rather than worldly success or intellectual pretensions.
What does Wordsworth imply about the relationship between intellectual pursuits and the grave?
Wordsworth implies that intellectual pursuits are out of place in the grave. He criticizes philosophers and intellectuals for their focus on abstract ideas and analysis, suggesting that such pursuits are irrelevant to the peaceful, simple rest of the grave.
How does the poet use natural imagery to contrast with societal roles in the poem?
Wordsworth uses imagery of nature, such as running brooks, noontide dew, and a noon-day grove, to highlight the simplicity and tranquility that he values. This natural imagery contrasts with the superficial and often contentious nature of societal roles, underscoring the idea that true peace lies in humility and natural beauty rather than in social status or intellectual achievement.
What is the tone of the poem towards the various professions mentioned, and why?
The tone of the poem is critical and reflective towards the various professions. Wordsworth views professions like statists, lawyers, and doctors with skepticism, suggesting that their preoccupation with power, success, or intellect makes them unsuitable for the humble and peaceful nature of the grave.
How does the poet’s view of the “humble” person differ from his view of other societal roles?
The poet’s view of the humble person is highly favorable compared to other societal roles. Unlike those focused on worldly success or intellectual pursuits, the humble person is portrayed as someone who finds joy in simple things and possesses a deep, reflective nature, making him most suited for the peaceful rest of the grave.
What does the poem suggest about the value of material success and intellectual achievements in the context of death?
The poem suggests that material success and intellectual achievements are ultimately insignificant in the context of death. Wordsworth emphasizes that true value lies in humility and a deep connection to simple, everyday experiences, rather than in societal status or intellectual accomplishments.
How does Wordsworth’s personal philosophy on nature and simplicity influence the poem?
Wordsworth’s personal philosophy, which values nature and simplicity, strongly influences the poem. His belief in the spiritual and emotional benefits of nature and humble living is reflected in the poem’s praise for the simple, contemplative individual who finds beauty and peace in ordinary things.
What role does the humble person play in the poem, and how is he depicted?
The humble person in the poem is depicted as ideal for the grave due to his modesty and contentment with simple pleasures. He is portrayed as someone who enjoys the natural world and finds deep truths in everyday experiences, making him a fitting candidate for peaceful rest.
What invitation does the poem extend to readers regarding the grave?
The poem invites readers to recognize that both the strong and the weak can find rest in the grave. It suggests that the grave is a place where material success and intellectual achievements matter less than personal qualities like humility and simplicity, encouraging all individuals to reflect on their true nature and find peace.
Essay Type Questions
Write the critical appreciation of the poem.
Introduction: “A Poet’s Epitaph” is a poem by William Wordsworth that reflects on the nature of life, death, and the value of simplicity. Wordsworth uses the poem to question the importance of professional and intellectual achievements and to highlight the virtues of living a humble and simple life.
Central Idea: The main idea of the poem is that worldly success and intellectual pursuits are not what matter when it comes to resting peacefully in death. Instead, Wordsworth believes that a modest and humble life, which finds joy in simple things, is more fitting for the grave.
Structure & Rhyme Scheme: The poem is made up of 15 quatrains (four-line stanzas), with a regular rhyme scheme of ABAB. This consistent pattern gives the poem a smooth, rhythmic flow that helps convey its reflective message about the nature of death and the value of simplicity.
Theme:
Nature and Simplicity: Wordsworth values the simple beauty of nature over the complexity of professional and intellectual achievements. He suggests that these simple joys are more suitable for resting in peace.
Critique of Professions: The poem criticizes various professions like politicians, lawyers, doctors, and philosophers, suggesting that their achievements and concerns are irrelevant in the context of death.
Humility and Modesty: Wordsworth praises those who live a humble life and find happiness in everyday things. He believes such people are best suited for the grave.
Intellectual Pursuits and Death: The poem argues that intellectual activities and deep thinking are out of place in death. Wordsworth suggests that such pursuits are not suitable for peaceful rest.
Style: Wordsworth uses a reflective and straightforward style to communicate his ideas. The language is simple and conversational, making it clear and direct. This style helps emphasize the poem’s message about the value of a humble and reflective life.
Poetic Devices:
Imagery: Wordsworth creates vivid pictures of nature, like “running brooks” and “noontide dew,” to highlight the contrast between the peace of nature and the complexities of societal roles.
Symbolism: The grave symbolizes peaceful rest, while societal roles represent worldly success. The humble person symbolizes the ideal qualities for resting peacefully.
Irony: The poem uses irony by suggesting that the qualities celebrated in life—such as ambition and intellect—are actually unsuitable for the grave.
Critical Commentary: Critics often praise Wordsworth for his ability to compare the simplicity of nature with the complexities of societal roles. They see the poem as reflecting his Romantic ideals, which value inner reflection and the beauty of nature over material and intellectual achievements. The poem challenges traditional notions of success and achievement.
Message: The main message of the poem is that true peace and worth come from living a humble and simple life. Wordsworth argues that societal roles and intellectual achievements are less important than finding contentment in everyday experiences, which are more fitting for the grave.
Conclusion: “A Poet’s Epitaph” is a thoughtful poem that explores the importance of simplicity and humility in life and death. Wordsworth uses its structured form and vivid imagery to challenge conventional ideas of success and to advocate for a life of modesty and contentment. The poem encourages readers to reconsider what truly matters for a peaceful and fulfilling life.
Long note on themes used in the poem “A Poet’s Epitaph” by William Wordsworth
1. Nature and Simplicity:
Wordsworth values nature and simplicity over worldly success. He uses images of nature, like brooks and morning dew, to show that these simple, natural things are more suitable for resting in peace than the complicated concerns of society.
2. Critique of Professions:
The poem criticizes various professions—such as statists, lawyers, doctors, and philosophers—suggesting they are not suited for the grave. Wordsworth believes these roles, focused on power or intellect, are less fitting for peaceful rest compared to a humble, simple life.
3. Humility and Modesty:
Humility and modesty are central to the poem. Wordsworth praises the humble person who lives a simple life and finds joy in everyday things. This kind of person is seen as the best fit for the grave because of their reflective and modest nature.
4. Intellectual Pursuits and Death:
Wordsworth argues that intellectual activities and deep thinking are out of place at the grave. He suggests that philosophers and intellectuals, who focus on abstract ideas, are not suited for the quiet, peaceful nature of death.
5. Peacefulness of the Grave:
The poem describes the grave as a peaceful resting place where the concerns of life are left behind. Wordsworth believes that only those who have lived a humble and simple life can truly rest peacefully there.
6. Value of Everyday Life:
Wordsworth highlights the importance of finding beauty and meaning in everyday life. He admires people who appreciate simple, daily experiences, contrasting them with those who seek grand achievements or intellectual recognition.
7. External Success vs. Inner Peace:
The poem contrasts worldly success with inner peace. Wordsworth suggests that achievements and societal status are less important than personal qualities like humility and contentment, which are more suited to the grave.
In simple terms, Wordsworth’s poem argues that nature, simplicity, and humility are more valuable than worldly success or intellectual pursuits when it comes to finding peace in death. The poem suggests that the grave is best suited for those who have lived a modest, reflective life, appreciating the simple things.
