Sivajee by Shoshee Chunder Dutt | Sivajee Poem | Shoshee Chunder Dutt | Explanation | Summary | Key Points | Word Meaning | Critical Appreciation | Questions Answers | Free PDF Download – Easy Literary Lessons
Sivajee
(Shoshee Chunder Dutt)
AURUNGZEB’S RECEPTION OF THE MAHRATTA LEADER.
Stanza 1
They led him to the stately hall,
Before the royal throne.
Where, towering in the pomp of power.
The tyrant sat alone;
And knights and nobles stood around.
Elate with haughty pride,
And slaves, in gorgeous tinsel dress’d,
Awaited by their side.
Stanza 2
He knelt before the tyrant’s throne,
But caught no courtly smile ;
The monarch looked with eye of scorn —
Then darkly gazed awhile ;
And minions proud, whose hearts had quail’d
When told his name of fear,
Now mock the valiant Sivajee
With cold respect and sneer.
Stanza 3
He could not bear their servile scorn —
The scorn of vassals low.
The passions of his stubborn heart
Were gathering on his brow ;
His bosom, plough with manly scars,
The records of his fame,
Now heaved with all a warrior’s wrath :
He was not born to shame.
Stanza 4
A fearful light shone in his eyes ;
Its meaning who could tell ?
And shook his frame, and from his lips
Some harsh expressions fell :
He stepped aside, his passions dark
Unable to control,
And struggled still, but yet in vain,
To curb his lofty soul.
Stanza 5
Overpower’d he sunk upon the ground,
But straight arose again :
This insult, tyrant, thou shalt rue —
He never frowns in vain.
With bloody purpose in his heart
He stood aloof — alone,
But sheathed still the avenging blade
Was sleeping in his zone.
Stanza 6
In dudgeon high lie left the Court,
Nor ask’d the king’s command;
But found himself deceived, betray’d,
A captive in the land.
But who can cross the fox’s wile?
Control the eagle free?
The royal guards are shrewd and true,
But where is Sivajee ?
Stanza 7
The bird has flown ; no stubborn cage
Its wily heart could tame ;
For deadlier works of death prepare —
He comes with sword and flame!
Ye ply to trap with subtle words;
That feeble art is vain;
The trusting bird, when once deceived.
Will never trust again.
Stanza 8
No, ne’er again he’ll cross the hall
To cringe on servile knee,
But oft, through battle’s dusky smoke.
His blood-red sword ye’ll see;
At merry feast he may not join,
But through the war-clouds dun,
O’er gasping chiefs and soldiers slain,
He’ll lead the carnage on.
Stanza 9
The bravest hearts shall own with dread
The fury of his wrath.
And sights of woe alone shall mark
The dread avenger’s path ;
With horror mute the wife shall gaze
Upon her murder’d lord,
While yet shall glow, though wet and dim,
The unrelenting sword.
Stanza 10
On vengeance he will build his name,
Till rocks aloud resound
Tlie glory of his valiant arms,
And quakes the unconscious ground ;
Till e’en the scorner, from his throne,
Shall mark the kindling fire,
And wish that he had never stirr’d
That haughty soul’s dark ire.
line-by-line explanation of the poem
Stanza 1
They led him to the stately hall,
Before the royal throne.
Where, towering in the pomp of power.
The tyrant sat alone;
And knights and nobles stood around.
Elate with haughty pride,
And slaves, in gorgeous tinsel dress’d,
Awaited by their side.
Explanation: The first stanza of the poem “Sivajee” by Shoshee Chunder Dutt sets the stage for the narrative. It describes Sivajee being led into a grand hall where Aurangzeb, referred to as the “tyrant”, sits alone on his royal throne. The use of the word “tyrant” suggests that Aurangzeb is a harsh and absolute ruler, setting up a contrast between him and Sivajee.
The phrase “towering in the pomp of power” paints a picture of Aurangzeb’s imposing presence and the grandeur of his rule. This not only establishes his authority but also underscores the intimidating atmosphere of the court.
The stanza further describes the court scene with knights and nobles standing around, filled with “haughty pride”. This indicates their arrogance and sense of superiority, possibly stemming from their association with the powerful emperor.
Finally, the stanza mentions slaves dressed in “gorgeous tinsel”, waiting by the side. This detail adds to the opulence of the scene and highlights the stark social hierarchy in the court. The slaves’ role is to serve and wait, further emphasizing the power dynamics at play.
Overall, this stanza introduces the main characters and the setting, providing a backdrop for the events to unfold. It effectively sets the tone for the tension and conflict that are central to the poem. The vivid imagery and careful word choice help to create a vivid picture in the reader’s mind, drawing them into the narrative.
Poetic devices
Imagery: The poet uses vivid descriptions like “stately hall”, “royal throne”, and “gorgeous tinsel dress’d” to create a mental picture of the grandeur of Aurangzeb’s court. This helps the reader visualize the scene and understand the opulence and power of the court.
Metaphor: The term “tyrant” is a metaphor used to describe Aurangzeb, indicating his oppressive rule. This choice of word conveys the poet’s perspective on Aurangzeb’s rule and sets the tone for the conflict in the poem.
Stanza 2
He knelt before the tyrant’s throne,
But caught no courtly smile ;
The monarch looked with eye of scorn —
Then darkly gazed awhile ;
And minions proud, whose hearts had quail’d
When told his name of fear,
Now mock the valiant Sivajee
With cold respect and sneer.
Explanation: In the second stanza of “Sivajee” by Shoshee Chunder Dutt, Sivajee is shown kneeling before Aurangzeb’s throne, a traditional gesture of respect and submission. However, instead of receiving a warm or welcoming response, Sivajee is met with a scornful look from the emperor. The phrase “caught no courtly smile” suggests that Aurangzeb’s reaction was cold and dismissive, further emphasizing the tension between the two figures.
The line “The monarch looked with eye of scorn — Then darkly gazed awhile” paints a picture of Aurangzeb’s disdain and perhaps even contempt for Sivajee. His dark gaze could also imply a sense of foreboding, hinting at the conflict to come.
The stanza then shifts focus to the courtiers, referred to as “minions proud”. These individuals, who once feared Sivajee, now mock him. The phrase “whose hearts had quail’d When told his name of fear” underscores the reputation and influence Sivajee once held. However, in the safety of the court and under the protection of the emperor, these courtiers now deride Sivajee with “cold respect and sneer”.
This stanza deepens the conflict introduced in the first stanza. It highlights the disrespect and scorn Sivajee faces in Aurangzeb’s court, setting the stage for his subsequent actions and the main narrative of the poem. The stark contrast between Sivajee’s brave reputation and the derision he faces in the court serves to evoke sympathy for Sivajee and antipathy towards Aurangzeb and his courtiers.
Poetic Device
Irony: Despite Sivajee’s reputation and valor, he is met with scorn and sneers in the court, creating a sense of irony. This contrast between what is expected (respect for Sivajee) and what happens (he is scorned) adds a layer of complexity to the poem.
Personification: The “eye of scorn” personifies the monarch’s disdainful look. This human characteristic attributed to the eye helps convey the depth of the monarch’s scorn.
Stanza 3
He could not bear their servile scorn —
The scorn of vassals low.
The passions of his stubborn heart
Were gathering on his brow ;
His bosom, plough with manly scars,
The records of his fame,
Now heaved with all a warrior’s wrath :
He was not born to shame.
Explanation: In the third stanza of “Sivajee” by Shoshee Chunder Dutt, Sivajee’s reaction to the scorn he experiences in Aurangzeb’s court is described. The stanza begins with the line “He could not bear their servile scorn — The scorn of vassals low”, indicating that Sivajee finds the derision from the courtiers unbearable. This scorn is particularly insulting because it comes from “vassals low”, suggesting that these are individuals of lower rank or status.
The next lines, “The passions of his stubborn heart Were gathering on his brow”, depict Sivajee’s growing anger. His heart is described as “stubborn”, suggesting his determination and strong will. The phrase “gathering on his brow” is a metaphor that conveys the intensity of his emotions, as if they are so strong that they are visible on his face.
The stanza then shifts to describe Sivajee’s physical state. His chest, described as being “plough with manly scars”, is a testament to his past battles and victories. These scars are “the records of his fame”, serving as physical proof of his bravery and prowess.
However, at this moment, his chest “heaved with all a warrior’s wrath”. This vivid imagery suggests that his anger is so intense that it’s causing a physical reaction. The stanza ends with the powerful line “He was not born to shame”, reaffirming Sivajee’s honor and pride. Despite the humiliation he experiences in the court, he refuses to be shamed. This line foreshadows his future actions and sets the stage for his rebellion against Aurangzeb.
Poetic Device
Metaphor: The “manly scars” on Sivajee’s bosom are a metaphor for his past battles and victories. This comparison between the scars and his past victories provides insight into Sivajee’s character and his history as a warrior.
Hyperbole: The phrase “all a warrior’s wrath” is an exaggeration used to emphasize Sivajee’s intense anger. This overstatement helps convey the depth of Sivajee’s emotions.
Stanza 4
A fearful light shone in his eyes ;
Its meaning who could tell ?
And shook his frame, and from his lips
Some harsh expressions fell :
He stepped aside, his passions dark
Unable to control,
And struggled still, but yet in vain,
To curb his lofty soul.
Explanation: In the fourth stanza of “Sivajee” by Shoshee Chunder Dutt, the emotional turmoil within Sivajee is vividly depicted. The stanza begins with “A fearful light shone in his eyes”, suggesting a powerful emotion, possibly anger or determination, burning within him. The phrase “Its meaning who could tell?” indicates that this emotion is intense and complex, perhaps even baffling to the onlookers.
The next lines, “And shook his frame, and from his lips Some harsh expressions fell”, show the physical manifestation of Sivajee’s emotions. His body shakes, possibly with rage or indignation, and he utters harsh words, further emphasizing his strong emotional state.
The stanza then describes Sivajee stepping aside, perhaps indicating his desire to distance himself from the scornful courtiers. His “passions dark” are described as being uncontrollable, suggesting the depth and intensity of his feelings.
The final lines, “And struggled still, but yet in vain, To curb his lofty soul”, depict Sivajee’s internal struggle. Despite his efforts, he is unable to suppress his strong emotions. The phrase “lofty soul” suggests his high spirit and pride, which refuse to be subdued.
Overall, this stanza provides a deep insight into Sivajee’s emotional state at this point in the narrative. It effectively conveys his anger and indignation, setting the stage for his subsequent actions. The vivid imagery and emotive language used in this stanza serve to engage the reader and evoke empathy for Sivajee.
Poetic Device
Imagery: The “fearful light” in Sivajee’s eyes and his shaking frame paint a vivid picture of his intense emotions. These descriptive details help the reader visualize Sivajee’s emotional state.
Stanza 5
Overpower’d he sunk upon the ground,
But straight arose again :
This insult, tyrant, thou shalt rue —
He never frowns in vain.
With bloody purpose in his heart
He stood aloof — alone,
But sheathed still the avenging blade
Was sleeping in his zone.
Explanation: In the fifth stanza of “Sivajee” by Shoshee Chunder Dutt, Sivajee’s reaction to the insult he has suffered is depicted. Overwhelmed by his emotions, he sinks to the ground, a physical manifestation of his internal turmoil. However, his resilience is immediately shown as he rises again, symbolizing his indomitable spirit and refusal to be defeated.
The line “This insult, tyrant, thou shalt rue — He never frowns in vain” is a direct address to Aurangzeb, the tyrant. Sivajee vows that Aurangzeb will regret his insult, indicating his determination to seek revenge. The phrase “He never frowns in vain” underscores Sivajee’s resolve and hints at the consequences that Aurangzeb will face for his actions.
The stanza then describes Sivajee standing alone, “aloof”, with a “bloody purpose in his heart”. This suggests his readiness for battle and his intent to seek vengeance. Despite the scorn and betrayal he has experienced, he remains steadfast in his resolve.
The final line of the stanza, “But sheathed still the avenging blade Was sleeping in his zone”, introduces a sense of foreboding. The “avenging blade” represents Sivajee’s intent to seek justice, and its current state of being “sheathed” and “sleeping” suggests that it will soon awaken, foreshadowing the violent conflict to come.
Overall, this stanza portrays Sivajee’s resilience, determination, and readiness for battle. It effectively conveys his emotional state and sets the stage for his subsequent actions in the narrative.
Poetic Device
Metaphor: The “avenging blade” is a metaphor for Sivajee’s intent to seek justice. This comparison between the blade and his intent for revenge provides insight into Sivajee’s determination.
Symbolism: The “bloody purpose” symbolizes Sivajee’s readiness for battle and his intent to seek revenge. This symbol helps convey the depth of Sivajee’s resolve and his readiness to fight for his cause.
Stanza 6
In dudgeon high lie left the Court,
Nor ask’d the king’s command;
But found himself deceived, betray’d,
A captive in the land.
But who can cross the fox’s wile?
Control the eagle free?
The royal guards are shrewd and true,
But where is Sivajee ?
Explanation: In the sixth stanza of “Sivajee” by Shoshee Chunder Dutt, Sivajee’s departure from Aurangzeb’s court and the subsequent events are depicted. The phrase “In dudgeon high” suggests that Sivajee leaves the court in a state of anger and resentment. He does not ask for the king’s permission, indicating his defiance and refusal to submit to Aurangzeb’s authority.
The next lines, “But found himself deceived, betray’d, A captive in the land”, reveal that Sivajee realizes he has been tricked and is now a prisoner in Aurangzeb’s territory. This betrayal further fuels his anger and strengthens his resolve to fight back.
The stanza then uses the metaphors of a fox and an eagle to describe Sivajee’s cunning and freedom. The rhetorical question “But who can cross the fox’s wile? Control the eagle free?” suggests that despite the circumstances, Sivajee’s cleverness and spirit cannot be contained.
The final lines, “The royal guards are shrewd and true, But where is Sivajee?”, build suspense. Despite the presence of the royal guards, Sivajee’s whereabouts are unknown, hinting at his escape and foreshadowing his return.
Poetic Device
Metaphor: The “fox’s wile” and “eagle free” are metaphors used to describe Sivajee’s cunning and freedom. These comparisons provide insight into Sivajee’s character, highlighting his cleverness and spirit.
Rhetorical Question: The question “But where is Sivajee?” builds suspense and foreshadows his escape. This device engages the reader’s curiosity and sets the stage for the events to come.
Stanza 7
The bird has flown ; no stubborn cage
Its wily heart could tame ;
For deadlier works of death prepare —
He comes with sword and flame!
Ye ply to trap with subtle words;
That feeble art is vain;
The trusting bird, when once deceived.
Will never trust again.
Explanation: In the seventh stanza of “Sivajee” by Shoshee Chunder Dutt, the metaphor of a bird is used to depict Sivajee’s escape and his determination for revenge. The opening line, “The bird has flown; no stubborn cage Its wily heart could tame”, suggests that Sivajee, like a bird, has managed to escape from his captivity. The “stubborn cage” represents the constraints and betrayal he experienced in Aurangzeb’s court, and his “wily heart” underscores his cunning and resourcefulness.
The next line, “For deadlier works of death prepare — He comes with sword and flame!”, serves as a warning. It indicates that Sivajee is preparing for battle and is ready to fight with all his might. The “sword and flame” symbolize his intent to seek justice and his readiness for war.
The stanza then addresses those who tried to trap Sivajee with “subtle words”. The poet declares that such attempts are futile against someone as clever and determined as Sivajee. The final line, “The trusting bird, when once deceived, Will never trust again”, reinforces the idea that Sivajee, having been betrayed once, will not fall for the same tricks again.
Poetic Device
Metaphor: The “bird” is a metaphor for Sivajee, symbolizing his freedom and cunning. This comparison provides insight into Sivajee’s character and his ability to escape from difficult situations.
Foreshadowing: The phrase “He comes with sword and flame!” foreshadows Sivajee’s return and his readiness for battle. This device sets the stage for the conflict to come and builds anticipation in the reader.
Stanza 8
No, ne’er again he’ll cross the hall
To cringe on servile knee,
But oft, through battle’s dusky smoke.
His blood-red sword ye’ll see;
At merry feast he may not join,
But through the war-clouds dun,
O’er gasping chiefs and soldiers slain,
He’ll lead the carnage on.
Explanation: In the eighth stanza of “Sivajee” by Shoshee Chunder Dutt, the poet emphasizes Sivajee’s resolve and his transformation from a court visitor to a warrior.
The lines “No, ne’er again he’ll cross the hall To cringe on servile knee” assert that Sivajee will never return to Aurangzeb’s court to bow in submission. This signifies his refusal to be humiliated again and his determination to uphold his honor.
“But oft, through battle’s dusky smoke. His blood-red sword ye’ll see” – these lines depict the battlefield where Sivajee will be seen frequently. The “dusky smoke” represents the chaos of war, and the “blood-red sword” symbolizes his readiness to fight and shed blood for his cause.
The stanza then contrasts the battlefield with the courtly life, stating “At merry feast he may not join”. This suggests that Sivajee’s path is not one of celebration and feasting, but of struggle and conflict.
The final lines “But through the war-clouds dun, O’er gasping chiefs and soldiers slain, He’ll lead the carnage on” paint a vivid picture of Sivajee leading his forces through the thick of battle, over the bodies of fallen enemies. This reinforces his role as a fearless leader and a formidable warrior.
Overall, this stanza highlights Sivajee’s transformation and his readiness to fight for his honor and his people. It underscores his bravery, leadership, and unwavering resolve.
Poetic Device
Imagery: The “dusky smoke” and “blood-red sword” create vivid images of the battlefield. These descriptive details help the reader visualize the scene and understand the chaos and violence of war.
Metaphor: The “carnage” is a metaphor for the violent conflict that Sivajee will lead. This comparison provides insight into the intensity of the battle and the devastation it will cause.
Stanza 9
The bravest hearts shall own with dread
The fury of his wrath.
And sights of woe alone shall mark
The dread avenger’s path ;
With horror mute the wife shall gaze
Upon her murder’d lord,
While yet shall glow, though wet and dim,
The unrelenting sword.
Explanation: In the ninth stanza of “Sivajee” by Shoshee Chunder Dutt, the poet describes the fear and destruction that Sivajee’s wrath will bring.
The opening lines, “The bravest hearts shall own with dread The fury of his wrath”, suggest that even the bravest warriors will fear Sivajee’s anger. This emphasizes the intensity of his wrath and the impact it will have on his enemies.
The next lines, “And sights of woe alone shall mark The dread avenger’s path”, depict the aftermath of Sivajee’s vengeance. The “sights of woe” could refer to the destruction and suffering caused by his actions, marking his path as one of retribution.
The stanza then shifts to a more personal perspective with the lines, “With horror mute the wife shall gaze Upon her murder’d lord”. This suggests the personal loss and grief that will result from Sivajee’s actions. It brings a human element to the consequences of war, highlighting its tragic cost.
The final line, “While yet shall glow, though wet and dim, The unrelenting sword”, refers to Sivajee’s unwavering resolve. Despite the bloodshed (implied by “wet and dim”), his sword – a symbol of his determination and courage – continues to glow. This suggests that Sivajee will not be deterred from his path of vengeance.
Overall, this stanza portrays the fear, destruction, and personal loss that Sivajee’s wrath will bring. It underscores the seriousness of his resolve and the far-reaching consequences of his actions.
Poetic Device
Hyperbole: The phrase “The bravest hearts shall own with dread” is an exaggeration used to emphasize the fear that Sivajee’s wrath will instill in his enemies. This overstatement helps convey the intensity of Sivajee’s wrath and the impact it will have on his enemies.
Imagery: The “unrelenting sword” creates a vivid image of Sivajee’s unwavering resolve. This descriptive detail helps the reader visualize Sivajee’s determination and his readiness to fight for his cause.
Stanza 10
On vengeance he will build his name,
Till rocks aloud resound
Tlie glory of his valiant arms,
And quakes the unconscious ground ;
Till e’en the scorner, from his throne,
Shall mark the kindling fire,
And wish that he had never stirr’d
That haughty soul’s dark ire.
Explanation: In the tenth and final stanza of “Sivajee” by Shoshee Chunder Dutt, the poet underscores the legacy that Sivajee will leave behind and the regret that Aurangzeb will feel for provoking him.
The opening lines, “On vengeance he will build his name, Till rocks aloud resound The glory of his valiant arms”, suggest that Sivajee’s acts of vengeance will establish his reputation. His deeds will be so powerful that they will cause the very rocks to echo with the glory of his bravery.
The next line, “And quakes the unconscious ground”, further emphasizes the impact of Sivajee’s actions. The ground shaking could symbolize the far-reaching effects of his vengeance, affecting not just his enemies but the very land itself.
The stanza then shifts focus to Aurangzeb, referred to as “the scorner”. The lines “Till e’en the scorner, from his throne, Shall mark the kindling fire” suggest that Aurangzeb will witness the consequences of his actions. The “kindling fire” could represent the growing rebellion led by Sivajee.
The final lines, “And wish that he had never stirr’d That haughty soul’s dark ire”, reveal Aurangzeb’s regret for provoking Sivajee. This serves as a warning about the dangers of underestimating and disrespecting a proud and determined individual like Sivajee.
Overall, this stanza concludes the poem on a powerful note, highlighting Sivajee’s resolve, the impact of his actions, and the regret of his enemies.
Poetic Device
Personification: The “rocks aloud resound” and the “unconscious ground quakes” personify the natural elements as witnesses to Sivajee’s deeds. This human characteristic attributed to the rocks and the ground helps convey the impact of Sivajee’s actions.
Metaphor: The “kindling fire” is a metaphor for the growing rebellion led by Sivajee. This comparison provides insight into Sivajee’s determination and his intent to lead a rebellion against Aurangzeb.
Summary
The poem “Sivajee” by Shoshee Chunder Dutt is a powerful narrative that captures a significant historical event in the Indian subcontinent. It portrays the encounter between the Maratha leader Sivajee and the Mughal emperor Aurangzeb, highlighting the themes of courage, defiance, betrayal, and vengeance.
The poem begins with Sivajee being led into Aurangzeb’s grand court, where the emperor sits surrounded by his nobles and slaves. Despite Sivajee’s formidable reputation, he is met with scorn and derision from the court, including Aurangzeb himself. This scorn is not just from the emperor, but also from the courtiers who once feared Sivajee’s name. The poet emphasizes the irony of the situation, where a valiant warrior is mocked by those who are essentially servile to the emperor.
Feeling insulted and disrespected, Sivajee’s anger begins to rise. His pride and honor are deeply wounded by the scorn he receives from the court. He leaves the court abruptly, without seeking the emperor’s permission, only to find himself betrayed and held captive in the land. This betrayal further fuels his anger and determination to fight back.
However, Sivajee, likened to a cunning fox and a free eagle, manages to escape from his captivity. The poet foreshadows his return, not as a humble visitor, but as a fierce warrior ready for battle. The imagery of Sivajee returning with a “sword and flame” signifies his readiness to fight and his burning desire for vengeance.
The poem then predicts that Sivajee will not return to the court to join in feasts or celebrations. Instead, he will lead the charge in battles, causing fear and devastation among his enemies. His “blood-red sword” will be seen through the smoke of war, symbolizing his relentless pursuit of victory and justice.
The poem concludes with a prophecy that Sivajee will build his name on vengeance. His deeds will echo through the land, causing even the ground to quake. Even the scornful emperor will regret having provoked his wrath. The poem ends on a note of warning, emphasizing the consequences of underestimating and disrespecting a valiant warrior like Sivajee.
Overall, the poem is a tribute to Sivajee’s courage, determination, and indomitable spirit. It criticizes the arrogance and deceit of the powerful, while celebrating the valor and resilience of those who stand up against injustice and oppression. The vivid imagery and strong emotions conveyed in the poem add depth and intensity to the narrative, making it a powerful portrayal of a significant historical event.
Key Points
Author Shoshee Chunder Dutt was an Indian writer who lived from 1824 to 1886. He was one of the pioneers of Indian writing in English and made significant contributions to Indian literature. His works often depicted Indian life and history, providing valuable insights into the culture and society of his time.
Form (Rhyme Scheme) The poem “Sivajee” is structured into ten stanzas, each containing eight lines. This form is known as an octave. The rhyme scheme of the poem is ABCBDEFE, which means that the second- and fourth-lines rhyme, and the sixth- and eighth-lines rhyme in each stanza. This consistent rhyme scheme contributes to the rhythm and musicality of the poem, enhancing its aesthetic appeal.
Speaker The speaker of the poem is an unnamed narrator who tells the story of Sivajee’s encounter with Aurangzeb. The speaker appears to be an observer of the events, providing a detailed account of the interactions between Sivajee and Aurangzeb. The speaker’s tone and choice of words suggest a sympathetic stance towards Sivajee and a critical view of Aurangzeb.
Setting The poem is set in the court of Aurangzeb, the Mughal emperor. The court is depicted as a place of power and authority, filled with knights, nobles, and slaves. The setting then shifts to the battlefield where Sivajee leads his forces against Aurangzeb. These contrasting settings highlight the conflict between the two characters and the transformation of Sivajee from a court visitor to a warrior.
Theme The main themes of the poem are honor, defiance, and revenge. The poem explores Sivajee’s refusal to be humiliated in Aurangzeb’s court, his defiance against Aurangzeb’s tyranny, and his quest for vengeance. These themes are developed through the depiction of Sivajee’s character, his interactions with Aurangzeb, and his actions on the battlefield.
Plot The poem tells the story of Sivajee’s encounter with Aurangzeb in his court, his subsequent imprisonment and escape, and his vow to seek revenge against Aurangzeb. The plot is marked by conflict, betrayal, and Sivajee’s unwavering resolve to fight for his honor. The events unfold in a dramatic manner, engaging the reader’s interest and evoking a range of emotions.
Tone The tone of the poem is serious and dramatic. The poet uses strong, emotive language to convey the intensity of Sivajee’s emotions and the seriousness of his situation. The tone enhances the dramatic effect of the poem and helps to engage the reader’s emotions.
Style The poet uses vivid imagery, metaphors, and rhetorical questions to convey the narrative. The language is formal and the descriptions are detailed, creating a vivid picture of the events. The use of these literary devices enhances the aesthetic appeal of the poem and contributes to its overall impact.
Message The message of the poem is the importance of standing up for one’s honor and the consequences of underestimating and disrespecting a proud and determined individual. The poem also highlights the destructive effects of tyranny and the power of resilience and defiance in the face of oppression. This message is conveyed through the depiction of Sivajee’s character, his actions, and the consequences of his actions. It serves as a reminder of the importance of courage, honor, and justice.
Shoshee Chunder Dutt
1. Birth and Death: Shoshee Chunder Dutt was born in 1824 and passed away in 1885. His life spanned a significant period of Indian history, including the era of British colonial rule.
2. Profession: Shoshee Chunder Dutt was a multifaceted personality. He was a Bengali author, historian, and poet. His diverse interests and talents are reflected in his wide range of works, which include historical accounts, poetry, and essays.
3. Pseudonyms: Like many authors, Shoshee Chunder Dutt also wrote under pseudonyms. He used the names J.A.G. Barton and Horatio Bickerstaffe Rowney for some of his works. This was a common practice among writers of his time, often used to explore different genres or themes.
4. Family: Shoshee Chunder Dutt was the uncle of Romesh Chunder Dutt, a renowned Indian civil servant, economic historian, and translator of Ramayana and Mahabharata. This suggests that the literary and intellectual pursuits ran in the family.
5. Works: Shoshee Chunder Dutt was a prolific writer who contributed significantly to Bengali literature. He wrote under two pseudonyms: J.A.G. Barton and Horatio Bickerstaffe Rowney. His works encompassed various genres, including history, poetry, and fiction. Some of his notable works include “The Republic of Orissá”, “The Wild Tribes of India”, and “Bengal: An Account of the Country from the Earliest Times”.
6. Contribution to Literature: Shoshee Chunder Dutt’s contribution to Indian literature is significant. As one of the first Indian authors to write in English, he played a crucial role in shaping Indian English literature. His works often reflect his deep love for his country and his desire to see it prosper. They provide valuable insights into the socio-political context of his time and continue to be relevant today.
Word Meaning
| Tough Word | Meaning in English | Meaning in Hindi |
| Stanza 1 | ||
| stately | Majestic, grand | भव्य, शानदार |
| throne | The ceremonial chair for a sovereign | सिंहासन |
| towering in the pomp of power | Displaying great power with arrogance | शक्ति के अहंकार में ऊंचा |
| tyrant | A cruel and oppressive ruler | अत्याचारी |
| knights and nobles | Medieval warriors and members of the nobility | शूरवीर और रईस |
| elate | Proud and joyful | गौरवान्वित |
| haughty | Arrogantly superior | घमंडी |
| tinsel | Showy but worthless | चमकीला लेकिन बेकार |
| Stanza 2 | ||
| knelt | To go down on one’s knees | घुटनों के बल बैठना |
| courtly smile | Polite and formal smile | दरबारी मुस्कान |
| monarch | A king or queen | सम्राट |
| scorn | Contempt | तिरस्कार |
| gazed | Looked steadily and intently | घूरना |
| minions | Followers or underlings | चापलूस |
| quail’d | Felt or showed fear | डर गया |
| valiant | Brave | वीर |
| cold respect | Unfeeling or indifferent respect | ठंडी इज्जत |
| sneer | A mocking smile, remark, or tone | उपहास |
| Stanza 3 | ||
| servile scorn | Contemptuous of someone considered inferior | गुलामी का तिरस्कार |
| vassals | Subjects or subordinates | जागीरदार |
| stubborn | Unyielding | जिद्दी |
| brow | Forehead | माथा |
| bosom | Chest | वक्षस्थल |
| plough | To make furrows in | हल चलाना |
| manly scars | Scars indicative of bravery | वीरता के निशान |
| heaved | Lifted or moved with effort | उठाना |
| warrior’s wrath | Anger of a fighter | योद्धा का क्रोध |
| Stanza 4 | ||
| shone | Emitted light | चमकना |
| shook | Trembled | कांपना |
| passions dark | Intense and sinister emotions | अंधेरे भावनाएँ |
| curb | Restrain | अंकुश |
| lofty soul | High-minded spirit | उच्च आत्मा |
| Stanza 5 | ||
| Overpower’d | Overwhelmed | अभिभूत |
| sunk | Went down or fell | डूबा |
| arose | Got up | उठ खड़ा हुआ |
| thou | You (archaic) | तू (पुराना) |
| shalt | Shall (archaic) | करेगा (पुराना) |
| rue | Regret | पछताना |
| frown | A facial expression of disapproval | भ्रूभंग |
| aloof | Distant, detached | अलग |
| sheathed | Enclosed in a protective covering | म्यान में रखा हुआ |
| avenging blade | A sword used for revenge | प्रतिशोध की तलवार |
| Stanza 6 | ||
| dudgeon | A feeling of offense or deep resentment | नाराजगी |
| high lie | Positioned prominently | ऊँचा स्थान |
| deceived | Tricked | धोखा दिया |
| betray’d | Betrayed | धोखा दिया |
| captive | Prisoner | बंदी |
| fox’s wile | Cunning trick like a fox | चालाकी |
| eagle | A large bird of prey | गरुड़ |
| shrewd | Clever, astute | चतुर |
| Stanza 7 | ||
| flown | Escaped | उड़ गया |
| wily | Sly, cunning | धूर्त |
| tame | Domesticate, control | वश में करना |
| Ye ply | You engage in (archaic) | तुम लगाओ (पुराना) |
| subtle | Delicate, understated | सूक्ष्म |
| feeble art | Weak trick | कमजोर कला |
| Stanza 8 | ||
| cringe | Bend one’s head and body in fear or in a servile manner | झुकना |
| servile knee | Showing an excessive willingness to serve or please others | दासता घुटने |
| oft | Often (archaic) | अक्सर (पुराना) |
| battle’s dusky smoke | The dark smoke of battle | युद्ध का धुंधला धुआं |
| ye’ll | You will (archaic) | तुम करोगे (पुराना) |
| merry feast | Joyful banquet | खुशियों की दावत |
| war-clouds dun | Dark clouds of war | युद्ध के काले बादल |
| slain | Killed | मारे गए |
| carnage | Large-scale killing | कत्लेआम |
| Stanza 9 | ||
| dread | Great fear | डर |
| fury | Violent anger | प्रचंड क्रोध |
| wrath | Extreme anger | क्रोध |
| woe | Great sorrow | दुख |
| avenger | One who takes revenge | प्रतिशोध लेने वाला |
| mute | Silent | मौन |
| gaze | Look steadily | घूरना |
| unrelenting | Not yielding in strength | अडिग |
| Stanza 10 | ||
| vengeance | Revenge | प्रतिशोध |
| resound | Echo loudly | गूंजना |
| Tlie | The (archaic) | वह (पुराना) |
| valiant arms | Brave actions | वीरतापूर्ण कार्य |
| quakes | Shakes | कांपना |
| e’en | Even (archaic) | यहां तक कि (पुराना) |
| scorner | One who mocks | तिरस्कार करने वाला |
| kindling | Setting alight | प्रज्वलन |
| stirr’d | Stirred (archaic) | उत्तेजित (पुराना) |
| haughty | Arrogantly superior | घमंडी |
| ire | Anger | क्रोध |
Very Short Answer Questions
Q: Who is the author of the poem “Sivajee”?
A: The author of the poem “Sivajee” is Shoshee Chunder Dutt.
Q: Who are the two main characters in the poem?
A: The two main characters in the poem are Sivajee and Aurangzeb.
Q: What is the setting of the poem?
A: The poem is set in Aurangzeb’s court and the battlefield.
Q: What is the main theme of the poem?
A: The main themes of the poem are honor, defiance, and revenge.
Q: How does Sivajee react to the scorn in Aurangzeb’s court?
A: Sivajee reacts with anger and defiance to the scorn in Aurangzeb’s court.
Q: What does Sivajee vow after being insulted in the court?
A: Sivajee vows to seek revenge after being insulted in the court.
Q: How does Sivajee escape from his captivity?
A: Sivajee, likened to a cunning fox and a free eagle, manages to escape from his captivity.
Q: What does the “blood-red sword” symbolize in the poem?
A: The “blood-red sword” symbolizes Sivajee’s readiness for battle and his intent to seek justice.
Q: What does the “avenging blade” represent in the poem?
A: The “avenging blade” represents Sivajee’s intent to seek justice.
Q: What does the “kindling fire” symbolize in the poem?
A: The “kindling fire” symbolizes the growing rebellion led by Sivajee.
Q: What is the tone of the poem?
A: The tone of the poem is serious and dramatic.
Q: What is the rhyme scheme of the poem?
A: The rhyme scheme of the poem is ABCBDEFE.
Q: What does the “dusky smoke” represent in the poem?
A: The “dusky smoke” represents the chaos of war.
Q: What does the “unrelenting sword” symbolize in the poem?
A: The “unrelenting sword” symbolizes Sivajee’s unwavering resolve.
Q: What does the phrase “He never frowns in vain” suggest about Sivajee’s character?
A: The phrase “He never frowns in vain” suggests that Sivajee is determined and his anger always leads to action.
Q: What does the “bird” metaphor represent in the poem?
A: The “bird” metaphor represents Sivajee’s freedom and cunning.
Q: What does the phrase “rocks aloud resound” personify in the poem?
A: The phrase “rocks aloud resound” personifies the natural elements as witnesses to Sivajee’s deeds.
Q: What does the phrase “quakes the unconscious ground” suggest in the poem?
A: The phrase “quakes the unconscious ground” suggests the far-reaching effects of Sivajee’s vengeance.
Q: What does the phrase “The trusting bird, when once deceived, Will never trust again” imply about Sivajee?
A: The phrase implies that Sivajee, once betrayed, will not fall for the same tricks again.
Q: What is the message of the poem?
A: The message of the poem is the importance of standing up for one’s honor and the consequences of underestimating and disrespecting a proud and determined individual.
Short Answer Questions
Q: How does the poet depict Sivajee’s character in the poem?
A: The poet depicts Sivajee as a proud and defiant warrior who refuses to be humiliated. He is portrayed as a cunning and resourceful individual, likened to a fox and an eagle. His determination to seek revenge and his readiness for battle are emphasized throughout the poem.
Q: What is the significance of the “blood-red sword” and the “avenging blade” in the poem?
A: The “blood-red sword” and the “avenging blade” are symbols of Sivajee’s intent to fight and seek justice. They represent his readiness for battle and his determination to avenge the insult he suffered in Aurangzeb’s court.
Q: How does the poet use imagery in the poem?
A: The poet uses vivid imagery to create a mental picture of the events in the poem. Descriptions like “stately hall”, “royal throne”, “dusky smoke”, and “blood-red sword” help the reader visualize the grandeur of Aurangzeb’s court, the intensity of Sivajee’s emotions, and the chaos of the battlefield.
Q: What is the tone of the poem and how does it contribute to the overall impact of the poem?
A: The tone of the poem is serious and dramatic. The poet uses strong, emotive language to convey the intensity of Sivajee’s emotions and the seriousness of his situation. This tone enhances the dramatic effect of the poem and helps to engage the reader’s emotions.
Q: How does the poet use metaphors in the poem?
A: The poet uses metaphors to provide insight into Sivajee’s character and his situation. For example, Sivajee is likened to a bird that has escaped its cage, symbolizing his freedom and cunning. The “avenging blade” and the “blood-red sword” are metaphors for his intent to seek justice.
Q: What is the main conflict in the poem?
A: The main conflict in the poem is between Sivajee and Aurangzeb. This conflict is sparked by the scorn and disrespect Sivajee experiences in Aurangzeb’s court, leading to his vow to seek revenge.
Q: How does the poet use personification in the poem?
A: The poet uses personification in phrases like “rocks aloud resound” and “quakes the unconscious ground”, attributing human characteristics to the rocks and the ground. This helps convey the impact of Sivajee’s actions.
Q: What is the message of the poem?
A: The message of the poem is the importance of standing up for one’s honor and the consequences of underestimating and disrespecting a proud and determined individual. The poem also highlights the destructive effects of tyranny and the power of resilience and defiance in the face of oppression.
Q: How does the poet depict Aurangzeb’s character in the poem?
A: Aurangzeb is depicted as a tyrant who sits alone on his throne, surrounded by his knights, nobles, and slaves. He is shown to be scornful and dismissive of Sivajee, leading to the conflict in the poem.
Q: How does the poem end?
A: The poem ends with a prophecy that Sivajee will build his name on vengeance and that even Aurangzeb will regret having provoked his wrath. This serves as a warning about the dangers of underestimating and disrespecting a proud and determined individual like Sivajee.
Essay Type Questions
Write the critical appreciation of the poem.
Introduction
“Sivajee” is a powerful poem by Shoshee Chunder Dutt, a renowned Indian poet from the 19th century. The poem vividly portrays the historical encounter between the Maratha leader Sivajee and the Mughal emperor Aurangzeb. It is a testament to Sivajee’s indomitable spirit and his determination to fight for his people and his honor.
Central Idea
The central idea of the poem revolves around the themes of honor, defiance, and revenge. It captures Sivajee’s reaction to the scorn and disrespect he experiences in Aurangzeb’s court, his subsequent imprisonment and escape, and his vow to seek revenge.
Structure & Rhyme Scheme
The poem is structured into ten stanzas, each containing eight lines. This form is known as an octave. The rhyme scheme of the poem is ABCBDEFE, which means that the second and fourth lines rhyme, and the sixth and eighth lines rhyme in each stanza. This consistent rhyme scheme contributes to the rhythm and flow of the poem, enhancing its aesthetic appeal.
Theme
1. Honor and Pride One of the central themes of the poem is the concept of honor and pride. Sivajee, the protagonist of the poem, is portrayed as a figure of immense pride and honor. His actions and reactions throughout the poem are guided by his commitment to uphold his honor. When he is scorned and disrespected in Aurangzeb’s court, he reacts with defiance and anger, refusing to accept humiliation. His decision to seek revenge is also a testament to his commitment to uphold his honor.
2. Defiance and Rebellion Defiance and rebellion are also significant themes in the poem. Sivajee is depicted as a defiant figure who refuses to bow down to Aurangzeb’s authority. His escape from captivity and his vow to seek revenge symbolize his spirit of rebellion. The poem celebrates Sivajee’s defiance and presents it as a commendable trait in the face of tyranny and oppression.
3. Revenge and Justice The theme of revenge and justice is another key element in the poem. After being insulted and betrayed in Aurangzeb’s court, Sivajee vows to seek revenge. His quest for revenge is not just a personal vendetta, but also a pursuit of justice. He seeks to right the wrongs done to him and to challenge Aurangzeb’s tyrannical rule.
4. Power and Tyranny The poem also explores the theme of power and tyranny through the character of Aurangzeb. Aurangzeb is portrayed as a tyrant who wields his power with arrogance and disdain. His treatment of Sivajee reflects his misuse of power and his disregard for justice and respect.
5. Resilience and Determination Finally, the theme of resilience and determination is evident in Sivajee’s character. Despite the challenges and setbacks he faces, Sivajee remains steadfast in his resolve. His escape from captivity, his preparation for battle, and his unwavering commitment to seek revenge all attest to his resilience and determination.
Style
The style of the poem is characterized by its vivid imagery, dramatic narrative, and the use of various poetic devices. The poet uses detailed descriptions to paint a picture of the events, characters, and settings in the poem. The language is formal and the descriptions are detailed, creating a vivid picture of the events.
Poetic Devices
1. Imagery Imagery is a significant device used throughout the poem. The poet uses vivid descriptions to create mental pictures that engage the reader’s senses. For instance, phrases like “stately hall”, “royal throne”, “dusky smoke”, and “blood-red sword” paint vivid pictures of the grandeur of Aurangzeb’s court, the intensity of Sivajee’s emotions, and the chaos of the battlefield.
2. Metaphor Metaphors are used extensively in the poem to draw comparisons and provide deeper insights into the characters and situations. For example, Sivajee is likened to a bird that has escaped its cage, symbolizing his freedom and cunning. The “avenging blade” and the “blood-red sword” are metaphors for his intent to seek justice.
3. Personification Personification is used in the poem to attribute human characteristics to non-human entities. For instance, in the phrase “rocks aloud resound” and “quakes the unconscious ground”, the rocks and the ground are personified as witnesses to Sivajee’s deeds.
4. Hyperbole Hyperbole, or exaggeration, is used to emphasize certain points and evoke strong emotions. For example, the phrase “all a warrior’s wrath” is an exaggeration used to emphasize Sivajee’s intense anger.
5. Rhetorical Question Rhetorical questions are used to engage the reader’s curiosity and emphasize certain points. For example, the question “But where is Sivajee?” builds suspense and foreshadows his escape.
6. Symbolism Symbolism is used in the poem to represent abstract ideas through concrete objects and images. For instance, the “blood-red sword” symbolizes Sivajee’s readiness for battle and his intent to seek justice.
7. Irony Irony is used in the poem to highlight the contrast between what is expected and what actually happens. Despite Sivajee’s reputation and valor, he is met with scorn and sneers in the court, creating a sense of irony.
Message
The message of the poem is the importance of standing up for one’s honor and the consequences of underestimating and disrespecting a proud and determined individual. The poem also highlights the destructive effects of tyranny and the power of resilience and defiance in the face of oppression.
Conclusion
In conclusion, “Sivajee” by Shoshee Chunder Dutt is a powerful and evocative poem that effectively conveys its themes and messages through its vivid imagery, dramatic narrative, and the use of various poetic devices. It provides a compelling portrayal of Sivajee’s character and his quest for honor and revenge, leaving a lasting impression on the reader.
